Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following nutrients is essential for muscle growth and repair?

• A. Vitamin C
• B. Protein
• C. Carbohydrates
• D. Fat

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Protein is essential for muscle growth and repair as it provides the necessary building blocks (amino acids) for muscle tissue synthesis and repair. While vitamins and minerals are crucial for overall health, protein has a specific role in muscle development. Carbohydrates supply energy for workouts, and fats are important for general health but are less directly involved in muscle growth and repair compared to protein.

2. Bile, a yellowish-green fluid, is stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestine during digestion. What is the primary function of bile in digestion?

• A. Break down carbohydrates
• B. Break down proteins
• C. Emulsify fats
• D. Neutralize stomach acid

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The primary function of bile in digestion is to emulsify fats. Bile contains bile salts that help break down large fat globules into smaller droplets, increasing the surface area for enzymes to work on and aiding in the absorption of fats in the small intestine. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because bile's main role is not to break down carbohydrates or proteins, nor to neutralize stomach acid; rather, it primarily assists in the digestion and absorption of fats through emulsification.

3. What do lacteals absorb in the small intestine?

• A. Carbohydrates
• B. Lipids
• C. Proteins
• D. Nonpolar nutrients

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Lacteals are lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine that specialize in absorbing dietary lipids. These lipids are then transported into the lymphatic system for further processing and distribution throughout the body. Choice A (Carbohydrates) is incorrect because carbohydrates are primarily digested and absorbed in the small intestine by enzymes and transported to the liver. Choice C (Proteins) is incorrect because proteins are broken down into amino acids and absorbed in the small intestine, mainly by the villi. Choice D (Nonpolar nutrients) is incorrect as it is a vague term and not specific to what lacteals absorb, which are primarily lipids.

4. Salts like sodium iodide (NaI) and potassium chloride (KCl) use what type of bond?

• A. Ionic bonds
• B. Disulfide bridges
• C. Covalent bonds
• D. London dispersion forces

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Salts like sodium iodide (NaI) and potassium chloride (KCl) use ionic bonds. Ionic bonds are formed between atoms with significantly different electronegativities, leading to the transfer of electrons from one atom to another. In the case of NaI and KCl, sodium (Na) and potassium (K) are metals that easily lose electrons to become positively charged ions, while iodide (I) and chloride (Cl) are nonmetals that readily accept electrons to become negatively charged ions. The attraction between the oppositely charged ions forms the ionic bond, which holds the compound together in a lattice structure. Disulfide bridges (option B) are covalent bonds formed between sulfur atoms in proteins, not in salts. Covalent bonds (option C) involve the sharing of electrons between atoms and are typically seen in molecules, not ionic compounds like salts. London dispersion forces (option D) are weak intermolecular forces that occur between all types of molecules but are not the primary type of bond in salts like NaI and KCl.

5. What type of bond links amino acids together to form proteins?

• A. Hydrogen bond
• B. Ionic bond
• C. Disulfide bond
• D. Covalent bond

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Amino acids are linked together by covalent bonds to form proteins. Specifically, the bond that links amino acids together is called a peptide bond, which is a type of covalent bond. The peptide bond forms between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another amino acid, resulting in the formation of a peptide chain. While hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and disulfide bonds are important for protein structure and stability, the primary bond responsible for linking amino acids in a protein chain is the covalent peptide bond. Hydrogen bonds are involved in maintaining the secondary structure of proteins, such as alpha helices and beta sheets. Ionic bonds and disulfide bonds contribute to tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins by stabilizing interactions between different parts of the protein or between different protein subunits, respectively.

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