Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following represents the strongest scientific argument?

• A. Scientific Hypothesis
• B. Scientific Law
• C. Scientific Study Conclusion
• D. Scientific Theory

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, 'Scientific Theory.' A scientific theory is a well-substantiated explanation of an aspect of the natural world. It is based on a large body of evidence and has withstood rigorous testing and scrutiny. Scientific theories are considered the strongest scientific arguments because they have predictive power and are supported by a significant amount of empirical data. Choice A, 'Scientific Hypothesis,' is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon but lacks the extensive evidence and testing that theories undergo. Choice B, 'Scientific Law,' describes a consistent and predictable relationship between variables but does not explain why the relationship exists. Choice C, 'Scientific Study Conclusion,' may be based on a single study and lacks the comprehensive nature and validation that theories possess.

2. What is the process by which a population gradually loses genetic variation?

• A. Founder effect
• B. Bottleneck effect
• C. Gene flow
• D. Speciation

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A) Founder effect: This occurs when a small group of individuals establishes a new population, leading to a loss of genetic variation compared to the original population. It does not necessarily result in a gradual loss of genetic variation in an existing population. B) Bottleneck effect: This process occurs when a population is drastically reduced in size, leading to a significant loss of genetic variation due to the limited number of individuals contributing to the gene pool. The reduced genetic diversity can have long-term effects on the population's ability to adapt to environmental changes. C) Gene flow: This refers to the movement of genes between populations, which can introduce new genetic variation and prevent populations from diverging. Gene flow does not lead to a gradual loss of genetic variation within a population. D) Speciation: This is the process by which new species evolve from existing species, often involving the accumulation of genetic differences that l

3. What describes a cell’s reaction to being placed in a hypertonic solution?

• A. The cell will shrink as water is pulled out of the cell to equalize the concentrations inside and outside of the cell.
• B. The cell will swell as water is pulled into the cell to equalize the concentrations inside and outside of the cell.
• C. The cell will remain the same size since the concentrations inside and outside the cell are equal to begin with.
• D. The pH inside the cell will drop in order to equalize the pH inside and outside the cell.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: A cell placed in a hypertonic solution has a higher solute concentration outside the cell compared to inside. This creates a concentration gradient that causes water to move out of the cell through osmosis to equalize the concentrations on both sides. As a result, the cell will shrink or undergo plasmolysis, as water is pulled out of the cell. Choice B is incorrect because a hypertonic solution causes water to move out of the cell, leading to shrinkage rather than swelling. Choice C is incorrect as a hypertonic solution results in a concentration gradient that leads to water leaving the cell, causing it to shrink. Choice D is incorrect because pH is not directly affected by being placed in a hypertonic solution; the change in solute concentration primarily impacts water movement.

4. Which property of a wave remains constant when the wave enters a different medium?

• A. Frequency
• B. Wavelength
• C. Amplitude
• D. Speed

Correct answer: A

Rationale: When a wave enters a different medium, its frequency remains constant. Frequency is an intrinsic property of the wave determined by its source, and it does not change when transitioning between different mediums. On the other hand, wavelength, amplitude, and speed of the wave can all be altered when the wave moves from one medium to another. Wavelength is dependent on the speed of the wave and can change when entering a different medium due to differences in propagation speed. Amplitude can also change as it is influenced by factors like energy loss or gain at the boundary of the mediums. Speed, determined by the medium's properties, typically changes when a wave transitions between different mediums due to variations in the medium's density and elasticity.

5. Which property of matter refers to the amount of space occupied by an object?

• A. Mass
• B. Volume
• C. Weight
• D. Density

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Volume refers to the amount of space occupied by an object. It is a measure of the three-dimensional space that an object occupies. Mass, on the other hand, refers to the amount of matter in an object, weight is the force of gravity acting on an object, and density is the mass of an object per unit volume. In this context, volume is the most appropriate choice as it directly relates to the amount of space an object occupies.

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