Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following is the carbohydrate monomer?

• A. Disaccharide
• B. Lactose
• C. Monosaccharide
• D. Thymine

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Monosaccharide. Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of a single sugar unit. They are considered the carbohydrate monomers from which larger carbohydrates like disaccharides (composed of two sugar units) and polysaccharides (containing multiple sugar units) are built. Choices A and B, Disaccharide and Lactose, are not monomers but rather specific types of carbohydrates made up of multiple sugar units. Choice D, Thymine, is a nitrogenous base present in DNA and RNA, not a carbohydrate monomer.

2. What is the primary function of the digestive system?

• A. To break down food into nutrients
• B. To absorb oxygen
• C. To produce energy
• D. To regulate body temperature

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'To break down food into nutrients.' The primary function of the digestive system is to break down food into nutrients that can be absorbed by the body for energy, growth, and repair. The digestive system is not responsible for absorbing oxygen (Choice B), as that is the role of the respiratory system. While the digestion process does release energy from nutrients, the primary function is not to produce energy (Choice C), but rather to extract nutrients for energy production. Regulating body temperature (Choice D) is primarily handled by the thermoregulatory mechanisms in the body, such as the skin and sweat glands, not the digestive system.

3. What is the term for a solution that contains less solute than the maximum amount it could dissolve at a specific temperature and pressure?

• A. Saturated solution
• B. Unsaturated solution
• C. Supersaturated solution
• D. Concentrated solution

Correct answer: B

Rationale: An unsaturated solution is a solution that contains less solute than the maximum amount it could dissolve at a specific temperature and pressure. In an unsaturated solution, more solute can still be added and dissolved in the solvent. Choice A, a saturated solution, refers to a solution in which the maximum amount of solute has been dissolved at a specific temperature and pressure, leading to equilibrium. Choice C, a supersaturated solution, contains more solute than it can normally hold at a specific temperature and pressure, achieved through special conditions followed by rapid cooling or evaporation. Choice D, a concentrated solution, refers to a solution with a high amount of solute compared to the amount of solvent, regardless of reaching the saturation point.

4. The adaptive immune system develops a targeted response to specific pathogens. What type of immune cell is responsible for producing antibodies?

• A. Natural killer cells
• B. Phagocytes
• C. Helper T cells
• D. B cells

Correct answer: D

Rationale: B cells are responsible for producing antibodies as part of the adaptive immune response. When activated by a specific antigen, B cells differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies to target and neutralize pathogens. Natural killer cells are primarily involved in killing infected or cancerous cells, phagocytes engulf pathogens, and helper T cells assist in activating other immune cells. Therefore, the correct answer is B cells because they play a crucial role in antibody production, a key component of the adaptive immune response.

5. What principle explains the relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature for ideal gases?

• A. Law of conservation of energy
• B. Newton's laws of motion
• C. Ideal gas law
• D. Archimedes' principle

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is the Ideal Gas Law (Choice C). The ideal gas law, PV = nRT, describes the relationship between pressure (P), volume (V), temperature (T), and the number of moles of gas (n) for an ideal gas. It states that the product of pressure and volume is directly proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas when the number of moles is held constant. This law is a fundamental principle in understanding the behavior of ideal gases. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. The Law of conservation of energy (Choice A) pertains to the principle that energy cannot be created or destroyed; Newton's laws of motion (Choice B) describe the relationship between the motion of an object and the forces acting on it; Archimedes' principle (Choice D) deals with the buoyant force exerted on an object immersed in a fluid. These principles are not directly related to the relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature for ideal gases.

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