Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following is responsible for the body's fight-or-flight response?

• A. Pancreas
• B. Adrenal glands
• C. Thyroid gland
• D. Pituitary gland

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Adrenal glands. The adrenal glands are responsible for the body's fight-or-flight response. During stressful situations, the adrenal glands release hormones like adrenaline and noradrenaline, initiating the fight-or-flight response. These hormones prepare the body to either confront or flee from a perceived threat.\nChoice A - Pancreas: The pancreas is primarily responsible for producing insulin and regulating blood sugar levels, not the fight-or-flight response.\nChoice C - Thyroid gland: The thyroid gland is responsible for producing hormones that regulate metabolism, not directly involved in the fight-or-flight response.\nChoice D - Pituitary gland: The pituitary gland regulates various endocrine functions by releasing hormones, but it is not the primary gland responsible for the fight-or-flight response.

2. When you push a book across a table, the book experiences an equal and opposite force from the table. Why doesn't the table move as well?

• A. The table is much heavier than the book.
• B. The force on the book acts in a different direction.
• C. The table has a much larger surface area, distributing the force over a wider area.
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The table is much heavier than the book, so it requires a much larger force to accelerate it. The book is lighter and easier to move, so the force applied to it causes it to move without significantly affecting the table due to the table's greater mass. Newton's third law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. In this case, the force exerted on the book by the table is countered by an equal force exerted on the table by the book, but the table's greater mass resists movement. Choice B is incorrect because the forces are equal and opposite, acting in the same direction. Choice C is incorrect as the surface area does not affect the movement of the table in this scenario. Therefore, the correct answer is A, as the table's greater mass prevents it from moving easily when a force is applied.

3. Which gland located in the neck is responsible for regulating metabolism, growth, and development?

• A. Parathyroid gland
• B. Thyroid gland
• C. Pituitary gland
• D. Thymus gland

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The thyroid gland, located in the neck, is responsible for regulating metabolism, growth, and development. It produces hormones such as thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) that play a crucial role in these functions. The parathyroid gland regulates calcium levels, the pituitary gland controls various hormonal functions, and the thymus gland is involved in immune system development. Therefore, choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they have different functions compared to the thyroid gland.

4. Which of the following correctly lists the normal blood flow through the heart?

• A. Left ventricle, left atrium, body, right ventricle, right atrium, lungs
• B. Left atrium, left ventricle, lungs, right atrium, right ventricle, body
• C. Right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle, body
• D. Right ventricle, right atrium, body, left atrium, left ventricle, lungs

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct order of normal blood flow through the heart is as follows: from the body, blood flows into the right atrium, then to the right ventricle, followed by the lungs through the pulmonary artery for oxygenation. Oxygenated blood then returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium, then moves into the left ventricle before being pumped out to the body. Choice B correctly depicts this sequential flow of blood through the heart. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not follow the typical path of blood flow through the heart.

5. What is the function of introns in eukaryotic genes?

• A. They code for protein sequences.
• B. They are involved in gene regulation.
• C. They are removed during mRNA processing.
• D. They are non-functional remnants of ancient DNA.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: A) Introns do not code for protein sequences. Exons are the segments of DNA that code for proteins. B) While introns can indirectly influence gene regulation, their primary function is not directly involved in gene regulation. C) Introns are non-coding regions of DNA that are transcribed into pre-mRNA but are removed during mRNA processing through a process called splicing. This allows only the exons to be included in the mature mRNA that will be translated into proteins. D) While introns were once thought to be non-functional remnants of ancient DNA, research has shown that they can have regulatory functions and play a role in gene expression.

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