Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following substances is NOT typically found in healthy urine?

• A. Urea
• B. Glucose
• C. Creatinine
• D. Electrolytes

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Glucose is not typically found in healthy urine because the kidneys usually filter glucose from the blood and reabsorb it back into the bloodstream. The presence of glucose in urine, known as glucosuria, is usually indicative of diabetes or other medical conditions affecting glucose regulation. On the other hand, urea, creatinine, and electrolytes are commonly present in healthy urine as byproducts of metabolism and electrolyte balance. Urea is a waste product of protein metabolism, creatinine is a waste product of muscle metabolism, and electrolytes are essential for various physiological functions in the body. Therefore, choices A, C, and D are typically found in healthy urine, making them incorrect answers.

2. Which type of muscle tissue has a unique branching network and is found in the heart?

• A. Skeletal muscle
• B. Cardiac muscle
• C. Smooth muscle
• D. Multifidus muscle

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, Cardiac muscle. Cardiac muscle is the type of muscle tissue that has a unique branching network and is found in the heart. This type of muscle is involuntary and contracts rhythmically to pump blood throughout the body. Skeletal muscle, choice A, is attached to bones and is responsible for voluntary movements. Smooth muscle, choice C, is found in the walls of internal organs and blood vessels, playing a role in involuntary movements. Multifidus muscle, choice D, is a specific muscle in the back that helps with spinal stability, unrelated to the unique branching network found in cardiac muscle.

3. What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes, both related to insulin and blood sugar?

• A. Type 1 is caused by insulin resistance, type 2 by insulin deficiency.
• B. Type 1 is temporary, type 2 is permanent.
• C. Type 1 affects adults, type 2 affects children.
• D. Type 1 is treated with diet only, type 2 requires medication.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes lies in their underlying causes. Type 1 diabetes is caused by the body's inability to produce insulin, while type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance, where the body doesn't effectively use the insulin it produces. Insulin resistance is a key feature of type 2 diabetes, distinguishing it from type 1 where insulin deficiency is the primary issue. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes can both be chronic conditions, affecting individuals of different age groups, and typically require a combination of diet, exercise, and medication for management.

4. What is the primary purpose of control rods within a nuclear reactor?

• A. Reflecting neutrons back into the core
• B. Absorbing excess neutrons to control criticality
• C. Moderating the velocity of neutrons
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The primary purpose of control rods in a nuclear reactor is to absorb excess neutrons to control criticality. When inserted into the reactor core, control rods absorb neutrons, reducing the number available for sustaining the fission chain reaction. This action allows operators to manage the reactor power levels and prevent overheating or runaway reactions. Reflecting neutrons back into the core and moderating neutron velocity are not the primary functions of control rods in a nuclear reactor. Choice A is incorrect because control rods do not reflect neutrons back into the core but absorb them. Choice C is incorrect as the moderation of neutron velocity is typically achieved by other materials like a moderator (e.g., water, graphite) rather than control rods. Choice D is incorrect as control rods do not reflect neutrons or moderate neutron velocity, making it an incorrect option.

5. How does friction affect motion?

• A. Friction increases speed
• B. Friction decreases speed
• C. Friction has no impact on speed
• D. Friction causes objects to float

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Friction is a force that opposes motion when two surfaces are in contact. It acts in the opposite direction to the direction of motion, causing objects to slow down or come to a stop. Therefore, friction decreases speed rather than increasing it. Choice A is incorrect as friction does not increase speed but rather hinders it. Choice C is incorrect because friction does have an impact on speed by slowing down objects. Choice D is incorrect as friction's effect is not making objects float but rather causing resistance to motion.

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