Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following is NOT a symptom of asthma, a chronic respiratory condition?

• A. Wheezing
• B. Difficulty breathing
• C. Chest tightness
• D. Fever

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is 'Fever.' Fever is not a symptom commonly associated with asthma. Asthma symptoms typically include wheezing, difficulty breathing, and chest tightness due to inflammation and narrowing of the airways. Fever is more commonly seen in conditions such as infections or inflammatory diseases rather than asthma. Choices A, B, and C are common symptoms of asthma and are related to the constriction and inflammation of the airways, leading to breathing difficulties and chest discomfort.

2. What are the three layers of the heart?

• A. Endocardium, myocardium, epicardium
• B. Pericardium, endocardium, myocardium
• C. Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
• D. Pericardium, myocardium, endocardium

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium. The heart wall consists of three layers: the outer layer is the epicardium, the middle muscular layer is the myocardium, and the inner layer is the endocardium. Understanding the layers of the heart is essential for comprehending its structure and function. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not present the layers of the heart in the correct order. The pericardium is the outermost layer that surrounds the heart, but it is not part of the heart wall itself. Therefore, choices B and D are incorrect. Choice A is incorrect as it presents the layers in the wrong order, starting with the endocardium instead of the epicardium, which is the outermost layer.

3. Which of the following blood vessels carries oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left atrium of the heart?

• A. Pulmonary artery
• B. Pulmonary vein
• C. Aorta
• D. Inferior vena cava

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Pulmonary vein. The pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left atrium of the heart. This oxygenated blood is then pumped out to the rest of the body. The pulmonary artery, choice A, carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation. The aorta, choice C, is responsible for carrying oxygenated blood from the heart to the body's tissues. Choice D, the inferior vena cava, transports deoxygenated blood from the lower body back to the heart.

4. Which part of the brainstem is responsible for controlling vital functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing?

• A. Medulla oblongata
• B. Pons
• C. Midbrain
• D. Cerebellum

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The medulla oblongata is the correct answer. It is responsible for controlling vital functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing. This part of the brainstem contains centers that regulate these essential autonomic functions to maintain homeostasis in the body. The pons and midbrain are also parts of the brainstem, but they are not primarily responsible for controlling these vital functions. The cerebellum, on the other hand, is involved in coordination and balance, not in regulating vital functions like heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing.

5. What is kwashiorkor, a protein deficiency disease, characterized by?

• A. Muscle wasting
• B. Night blindness
• C. Scurvy
• D. Rickets

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Kwashiorkor is a severe acute malnutrition condition resulting from insufficient dietary protein intake. It is characterized by symptoms such as edema, skin lesions, an enlarged liver with fatty infiltrates, and notably, muscle wasting. Muscle wasting occurs as the body breaks down muscle tissue to obtain essential amino acids for vital functions. Night blindness (option B) is associated with vitamin A deficiency, scurvy (option C) results from a lack of vitamin C, and rickets (option D) is caused by a deficiency in vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate.

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