Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following is NOT a symptom of asthma, a chronic respiratory condition?

• A. Wheezing
• B. Difficulty breathing
• C. Chest tightness
• D. Fever

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is 'Fever.' Fever is not a symptom commonly associated with asthma. Asthma symptoms typically include wheezing, difficulty breathing, and chest tightness due to inflammation and narrowing of the airways. Fever is more commonly seen in conditions such as infections or inflammatory diseases rather than asthma. Choices A, B, and C are common symptoms of asthma and are related to the constriction and inflammation of the airways, leading to breathing difficulties and chest discomfort.

2. Through what tubes does urine travel from the kidneys to the bladder?

• A. Urethra
• B. Ureters
• C. Renal arteries
• D. Renal veins

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is 'Ureters.' The ureters are the tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The urethra, not a choice in this question, is the tube responsible for carrying urine from the bladder out of the body. Renal arteries and veins are blood vessels that respectively supply and drain the kidneys, not involved in the transport of urine to the bladder.

3. Muscle soreness after exercise is often caused by microscopic tears in muscle fibers. This is called

• A. Atrophy
• B. Hypertrophy
• C. DOMS (Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness)
• D. Spasm

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Muscle soreness after exercise is often caused by microscopic tears in muscle fibers, leading to Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS). Atrophy refers to the wasting away of muscle tissue, hypertrophy is the increase in muscle size, and spasm is an involuntary contraction of a muscle. DOMS typically occurs 24 to 72 hours after intense exercise and is characterized by muscle stiffness, tenderness, and reduced range of motion. It is a normal response to unfamiliar or strenuous physical activity and indicates that the muscles are adapting to the workload. Therefore, the correct answer is C (DOMS) as it specifically describes the phenomenon of muscle soreness resulting from microscopic tears in muscle fibers, distinguishing it from the other choices which refer to different physiological processes or conditions.

4. What is the process of separating a mixture based on the different boiling points of its components called?

• A. Filtration
• B. Chromatography
• C. Distillation
• D. Centrifugation

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Distillation is the process of separating a mixture based on the different boiling points of its components. During distillation, the mixture is heated to vaporize the component with the lowest boiling point first. The vapor is then cooled and condensed back into a liquid, allowing for the collection of fractions with different boiling ranges. This technique is effective for separating components that have significantly different boiling points. Filtration (Choice A) is a method used to separate solids from liquids or gases using a filter medium. Chromatography (Choice B) is a technique used to separate components of a mixture based on their differential affinities to a stationary phase and a mobile phase. Centrifugation (Choice D) is a process of separating particles from a solution based on differences in size, shape, density, and viscosity by spinning the mixture at high speeds.

5. Which hormone is responsible for regulating sleep-wake cycles and is influenced by light exposure?

• A. Melatonin
• B. Cortisol
• C. Estrogen
• D. Glucagon

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Melatonin. Melatonin is the hormone responsible for regulating sleep-wake cycles, also known as the circadian rhythm. Its production is influenced by light exposure, with levels increasing in the evening in response to darkness, signaling the body that it is time to sleep. Choice B, cortisol, is a stress hormone and does not directly regulate sleep-wake cycles. Choice C, estrogen, is a sex hormone and is not primarily involved in regulating sleep. Choice D, glucagon, is a hormone that increases blood glucose levels and is not related to sleep-wake cycles.

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