Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following is not a principal organ of the nervous system?

• A. Brain
• B. Thymus
• C. Ganglia
• D. Spinal cord

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. The thymus is not a principal organ of the nervous system; it is part of the immune system. The brain, spinal cord, and ganglia are principal organs of the nervous system. The brain is responsible for processing information, the spinal cord helps transmit signals between the brain and the rest of the body, and ganglia are clusters of nerve cells that support the nervous system's functions. Therefore, the thymus is the correct answer as it is not directly involved in nervous system functions.

2. Which hormone stimulates milk production in the breasts during lactation?

• A. norepinephrine
• B. antidiuretic hormone
• C. prolactin
• D. oxytocin

Correct answer: C

Rationale: During lactation, the hormone responsible for stimulating milk production in the breasts is 'prolactin.' Prolactin plays a crucial role in initiating and maintaining lactation by promoting the development of alveoli in the mammary glands and stimulating milk synthesis. While oxytocin is involved in the ejection of milk from the breasts, it is prolactin that primarily governs milk production. Norepinephrine is not directly involved in milk production, and antidiuretic hormone primarily regulates water balance and blood pressure, not milk production.

3. What is the name of the outermost layer of the skin?

• A. dermis
• B. epidermis
• C. subcutaneous tissue
• D. hypodermis

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The epidermis is the correct answer as it is the outermost layer of the skin. It acts as a protective barrier against environmental factors and helps in regulating moisture balance. The epidermis is also where new skin cells are continuously formed and contains melanocytes responsible for skin pigmentation. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. The dermis is the layer beneath the epidermis, the subcutaneous tissue is the deepest layer of the skin, and the hypodermis lies below the dermis.

4. What is true about caloric intake for the average person?

• A. It should increase with age.
• B. It should decline and then increase with age.
• C. It should decline with age.
• D. It should remain constant over a lifetime.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Caloric intake for the average person typically declines with age due to factors such as changes in metabolism, muscle mass, and physical activity levels. As people age, their metabolism tends to slow down, and they may also experience a decrease in muscle mass and physical activity, leading to a reduced need for calories. Option A is incorrect because caloric intake generally decreases rather than increases with age. Option B is incorrect as it suggests a fluctuation in caloric intake that is not typically seen. Option D is incorrect as caloric needs usually change over a person's lifetime due to various factors.

5. Which type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of hollow organs?

• A. Skeletal muscle
• B. Cardiac muscle
• C. Smooth muscle
• D. Striated muscle

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Smooth muscle tissue is found in the walls of hollow organs such as the intestines, blood vessels, and bladder. It contracts involuntarily, allowing for functions like peristalsis in the intestines and regulation of blood flow in blood vessels. Skeletal muscle (Choice A) is attached to bones, cardiac muscle (Choice B) is found in the heart, and striated muscle (Choice D) refers to both skeletal and cardiac muscles due to their striped appearance, but neither of these types are typically found in the walls of hollow organs.

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