Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following is NOT a recommended method for preventing healthcare-associated infections (HAIs)?

• A. Handwashing with soap and water
• B. Proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE)
• C. Disinfecting and reusing sterile medical devices
• D. Using single-use sterile medical devices

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Disinfecting and reusing sterile medical devices is not a recommended method for preventing healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). Reusing sterile medical devices can increase the risk of infections due to inadequate sterilization or potential damage to the devices during the reprocessing process. Proper sterilization and disposal of single-use medical devices are essential in preventing the transmission of infections in healthcare settings. A) Handwashing with soap and water is a crucial method for preventing HAIs as it helps to remove and reduce the number of pathogens on the hands of healthcare workers, preventing the spread of infections. B) Proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, gowns, masks, and eye protection is important in preventing the transmission of infections between patients and healthcare workers. C) Disinfecting and reusing sterile medical devices is not a recommended practice as it can lead to the transmission of infections if the devices are not adequately sterilized. Using single-use sterile medical devices helps to ensure that each patient receives a sterile device, reducing the risk of infections.

2. Which type of mutation involves a change in the number of chromosomes?

• A. Point mutation
• B. Frameshift mutation
• C. Missense mutation
• D. Aneuploidy

Correct answer: D

Rationale: A) Point mutation involves a change in a single nucleotide base pair within the DNA sequence. B) Frameshift mutation involves the insertion or deletion of nucleotides, causing a shift in the reading frame of the genetic code. C) Missense mutation involves a single nucleotide change that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid. D) Aneuploidy involves a change in the number of chromosomes, where an individual may have an extra chromosome (trisomy) or a missing chromosome (monosomy). Aneuploidy can lead to genetic disorders such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21) or Turner syndrome (monosomy X). Changing the number of chromosomes is a characteristic feature of aneuploidy, making it the correct answer. Point mutation, frameshift mutation, and missense mutation do not involve a change in the number of chromosomes and are focused on alterations at the nucleotide level within the DNA sequence.

3. Why is the lining of the stomach covered with rugae?

• A. Rugae increase the output of gastric juices.
• B. Rugae increase the surface area of the stomach.
• C. Rugae increase the permeability of the stomach walls.
• D. Rugae increase the types of nutrients that can diffuse.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Rugae are folds in the stomach lining that increase its surface area. This increased surface area allows for more efficient digestion and absorption of nutrients in the stomach. Choice A is incorrect because rugae do not directly affect the output of gastric juices. Choice C is incorrect because rugae do not impact the permeability of the stomach walls. Choice D is incorrect because rugae do not influence the types of nutrients that can diffuse.

4. How many moles of water are produced when 0.5 moles of methane (CH4) react with excess oxygen?

• A. 0.5 moles
• B. 1 mole
• C. 2 moles
• D. 3 moles

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The balanced chemical equation for the combustion of methane is: CH4 + 2O2 -> CO2 + 2H2O. This equation shows that 1 mole of methane produces 2 moles of water. Therefore, when 0.5 moles of methane react, they will produce 1 mole of water. The ratio of water to methane is 2:1, meaning that for every mole of methane that reacts, it produces 2 moles of water. Since only 0.5 moles of methane are reacting, the amount of water produced will be half of what would be produced if 1 mole of methane reacted, resulting in 1 mole of water being produced. Choice A is incorrect because it does not consider the stoichiometry of the reaction. Choices C and D are incorrect as they do not align with the balanced chemical equation and the stoichiometric ratios involved in the reaction.

5. What is the medical term for heartburn, a burning sensation in the chest caused by stomach acid?

• A. Dysphagia
• B. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
• C. Peptic ulcer
• D. Ulcerative colitis

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A) Dysphagia refers to difficulty swallowing and is not specifically related to heartburn. B) Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the medical term for heartburn, which is a burning sensation in the chest caused by stomach acid flowing back up into the esophagus. C) Peptic ulcer is a sore that develops on the lining of the stomach, small intestine, or esophagus, and it can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, not specifically heartburn. D) Ulcerative colitis is a type of inflammatory bowel disease that affects the colon and rectum, and it does not typically cause heartburn.

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