Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following is most different from the others?

• A. Thyroid gland
• B. Stomach
• C. Intestines
• D. Pancreas

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, 'Stomach.' The stomach is an organ of the digestive system responsible for breaking down food through mechanical and chemical digestion. In contrast, the thyroid, intestines, and pancreas are glands. The thyroid gland regulates metabolism through hormone secretion, the intestines aid in digestion and nutrient absorption, and the pancreas secretes digestive enzymes and hormones. Therefore, the stomach is functionally different from the other options as it is an organ involved in digestion, while the others are glands with specific secretory functions.

2. An object is moving in a circle at constant speed. Is there a net force acting on it?

• A. Yes, always
• B. No, never
• C. Only if its speed is changing
• D. Only if its direction is changing

Correct answer: D

Rationale: When an object is moving in a circle at a constant speed, there is a net force acting on it. This net force is directed towards the center of the circle and is responsible for continuously changing the direction of the object's velocity, even though the speed remains constant. Therefore, the correct answer is D because the net force is required to change the direction of the object's motion in a circular path. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because the presence of a net force is necessary to continuously change the object's direction as it moves in a circular path, irrespective of changes in speed.

3. Muscle soreness after exercise is often caused by microscopic tears in muscle fibers. This is called

• A. Atrophy
• B. Hypertrophy
• C. DOMS (Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness)
• D. Spasm

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Muscle soreness after exercise is often caused by microscopic tears in muscle fibers, leading to Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS). Atrophy refers to the wasting away of muscle tissue, hypertrophy is the increase in muscle size, and spasm is an involuntary contraction of a muscle. DOMS typically occurs 24 to 72 hours after intense exercise and is characterized by muscle stiffness, tenderness, and reduced range of motion. It is a normal response to unfamiliar or strenuous physical activity and indicates that the muscles are adapting to the workload. Therefore, the correct answer is C (DOMS) as it specifically describes the phenomenon of muscle soreness resulting from microscopic tears in muscle fibers, distinguishing it from the other choices which refer to different physiological processes or conditions.

4. What is the difference between a ventral and dorsal root of a spinal nerve?

• A. Ventral carries motor, dorsal carries sensory information.
• B. Ventral carries sensory, dorsal carries motor information.
• C. Ventral is larger, dorsal is smaller.
• D. Ventral is located anteriorly, dorsal is posteriorly.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Ventral carries motor, dorsal carries sensory information. In the spinal nerve, the ventral root carries motor information from the spinal cord to the muscles, while the dorsal root carries sensory information from the peripheral sensory receptors to the spinal cord. Therefore, other choices are incorrect. Choice B is incorrect as it states the opposite roles of ventral and dorsal roots. Choice C is incorrect as the size comparison between ventral and dorsal roots is not related to their functions. Choice D is incorrect as the terms 'anteriorly' and 'posteriorly' are not commonly used to describe the locations of ventral and dorsal roots in relation to each other.

5. What units of measurement would a triple beam balance show?

• A. Liters
• B. Grams
• C. Meters
• D. Gallons

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A triple beam balance is used to measure mass, typically in grams. Liters, meters, and gallons are units of volume, length, and capacity, respectively, not typically measured using a triple beam balance. Therefore, the correct answer is grams. Choice A, Liters, is a unit of volume. Choice C, Meters, is a unit of length. Choice D, Gallons, is a unit of capacity. These units are not typically measured using a triple beam balance.

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