Nursing Elites

1. Which bones are included in the axial skeleton?

• A. Head, neck, and trunk
• B. Arms and legs
• C. Hands and feet
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Head, neck, and trunk. The axial skeleton comprises bones located in the head, neck, and trunk region, such as the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. These bones provide structural support and protect vital organs like the brain, spinal cord, and heart. Choices B and C are incorrect because arms, legs, hands, and feet are part of the appendicular skeleton, not the axial skeleton. The appendicular skeleton is responsible for movement, manipulation, and mobility, while the axial skeleton primarily provides central support and protection for essential organs.

2. Which of the following functional groups is present in carboxylic acids?

• A. Carbonyl
• B. Hydroxyl
• C. Carboxyl
• D. Aldehyde

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl functional group, which consists of a carbonyl group (C=O) and a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to the same carbon atom. The carboxyl group is represented as -COOH in the molecular structure of carboxylic acids. Therefore, the correct functional group present in carboxylic acids is the carboxyl group, making option C the correct choice. Option A, 'Carbonyl,' is incorrect as it only refers to the C=O group without the -OH component present in carboxylic acids. Option B, 'Hydroxyl,' is incorrect as it only represents the -OH group without the carbonyl group. Option D, 'Aldehyde,' is incorrect as it refers to a different functional group with a carbonyl group attached to a hydrogen atom, not the carboxyl group found in carboxylic acids.

3. Which types of glial cells are found in the CNS?

• A. Schwann cells, satellite cells
• B. Astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes
• C. Satellite cells, microglia, oligodendrocytes
• D. Astrocytes, Schwann cells, satellite cells

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. Glial cells in the CNS include astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes. Schwann cells and satellite cells are found in the PNS. Astrocytes are the most abundant type of glial cells and are involved in nutrient support, repair, and maintenance of the extracellular environment. Microglia are the resident immune cells of the CNS, playing a role in immune defense. Ependymal cells line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord, contributing to the production and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid. Oligodendrocytes are responsible for producing myelin, which insulates axons in the CNS. Understanding the specific functions of each type of glial cell is essential in grasping the complexity of the central nervous system's support and protective mechanisms.

4. Which part of the nervous system is responsible for the “fight-or-flight” response?

• A. Somatic nervous system
• B. Parasympathetic nervous system
• C. Sympathetic nervous system
• D. Enteric nervous system

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the 'fight-or-flight' response, triggering the body's automatic response to a perceived threat or danger. This system initiates physiological changes like increased heart rate, dilated pupils, and the release of adrenaline, preparing the body to confront or escape the threat. The somatic nervous system (Choice A) controls voluntary movements, the parasympathetic nervous system (Choice B) is responsible for the 'rest and digest' response to promote relaxation and digestion, and the enteric nervous system (Choice D) regulates the gastrointestinal system. Therefore, they are not associated with the 'fight-or-flight' response.

5. What is the main function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in the cell?

• A. To synthesize and transport proteins and lipids
• B. To package and transport proteins
• C. To break down macromolecules
• D. To store genetic material

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of membranes within the cell that plays a crucial role in protein and lipid synthesis. It consists of two types: rough ER, which is studded with ribosomes and involved in protein synthesis, and smooth ER, which is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification. The ER's main function is to synthesize proteins and lipids, not just package and transport them. While the ER is involved in transporting these synthesized proteins and lipids to other parts of the cell or outside the cell, its primary role is in their synthesis. Breaking down macromolecules is primarily the function of lysosomes, which are membrane-bound organelles containing enzymes for digestion. Storing genetic material is the function of the nucleus, which houses the cell's DNA. The ER is not involved in storing genetic material.

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