Nursing Elites

1. Which bones are included in the axial skeleton?

• A. Head, neck, and trunk
• B. Arms and legs
• C. Hands and feet
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Head, neck, and trunk. The axial skeleton comprises bones located in the head, neck, and trunk region, such as the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. These bones provide structural support and protect vital organs like the brain, spinal cord, and heart. Choices B and C are incorrect because arms, legs, hands, and feet are part of the appendicular skeleton, not the axial skeleton. The appendicular skeleton is responsible for movement, manipulation, and mobility, while the axial skeleton primarily provides central support and protection for essential organs.

2. The function of synergists can best be described as which of the following? I. They assist primary movers in completing the specific movement II. They stabilize the point of origin and provide extra pull near the insertion III. They help prevent unwanted movement at a joint

• A. I, II
• B. I, III
• C. II, III
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Synergists are muscles that assist the primary movers (agonists) in completing specific movements (I). Additionally, they stabilize the point of origin and provide extra pull near the insertion, aiding in movement efficiency (II). While synergists may contribute to stability, their primary role is to assist in movement rather than prevent unwanted movement at a joint; hence, options I and II offer the most accurate descriptions of their function. Choice B is incorrect because synergists do not primarily help prevent unwanted movement at a joint (III). Choice C is incorrect as it combines stabilization of the point of origin and preventing unwanted movement, which is not the primary function of synergists.

3. What type of intermolecular force is responsible for the high surface tension of water?

• A. Hydrogen bonding
• B. London dispersion forces
• C. Ionic bonding
• D. Metallic bonding

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The high surface tension of water is primarily due to the strong hydrogen bonding between water molecules. Hydrogen bonding is a specific type of intermolecular force that occurs between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a highly electronegative atom, like oxygen in water, and another electronegative atom nearby. This unique interaction results in a strong attraction between water molecules at the surface, leading to the cohesive forces responsible for the high surface tension of water. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because London dispersion forces, ionic bonding, and metallic bonding do not account for the high surface tension observed in water. London dispersion forces are relatively weaker intermolecular forces, while ionic and metallic bonding are types of intramolecular forces that do not directly contribute to the surface tension of water.

4. What type of bond connects amino acids to form proteins?

• A. Covalent
• B. Peptide
• C. Ionic
• D. Hydrogen

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is 'Peptide'. Peptide bonds are the specific type of bond that connects amino acids together to form proteins. These bonds form through a condensation reaction between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another amino acid, creating a covalent bond. While covalent bonds are involved in the formation of peptide bonds, the direct bond connecting amino acids in proteins is the peptide bond. Ionic bonds involve the attraction between charged particles, and hydrogen bonds are weaker bonds compared to covalent and peptide bonds, playing a different role in protein structure.

5. Dietary fiber, although not fully digested by the body, plays a crucial role in digestion. What is one of the main benefits of consuming sufficient dietary fiber?

• A. Provides a concentrated source of energy
• B. Aids in the absorption of vitamins and minerals
• C. Promotes satiety and gut health
• D. Breaks down complex carbohydrates

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Consuming sufficient dietary fiber promotes satiety and gut health by adding bulk to the diet, helping with feelings of fullness, and supporting healthy digestion. Additionally, fiber aids in regulating bowel movements and maintaining a healthy gut microbiota, contributing to overall digestive wellness. It does not provide a concentrated source of energy as fiber is not fully digested for energy production, nor does it directly aid in the absorption of vitamins and minerals. Fiber does not break down complex carbohydrates but rather assists in their digestion and absorption by slowing down the process, which helps in maintaining stable blood sugar levels and promoting better overall health.

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