Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following components is found in DNA?

• A. Uracil
• B. Deoxyribose
• C. Guanine
• D. Phosphate group

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Deoxyribose. DNA is composed of nucleotides containing deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine). Deoxyribose is the sugar component specific to DNA, while ribose is found in RNA. Guanine (choice C) is a nitrogenous base present in both DNA and RNA. Uracil (choice A) is a nitrogenous base specific to RNA, replacing thymine found in DNA. The phosphate group (choice D) is an essential part of nucleotides in both DNA and RNA, providing the backbone structure for the nucleic acid chains.

2. Which of the following systems is responsible for transporting blood throughout the body?

• A. Respiratory
• B. Circulatory
• C. Nervous
• D. Digestive

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Circulatory. The circulatory system, made up of the heart, blood vessels, and blood, is responsible for transporting blood throughout the body. It plays a vital role in delivering oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and removing waste products from cells. The respiratory system, on the other hand, is responsible for gas exchange in the lungs. The nervous system transmits signals between different parts of the body, while the digestive system processes food and absorbs nutrients from it. Therefore, choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they are not primarily involved in the transportation of blood throughout the body.

3. The innate immune system provides a non-specific first line of defense. What are some physical barriers that contribute to the innate immune system?

• A. Antibodies
• B. Phagocytes
• C. Skin and mucous membranes
• D. Memory B cells

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Physical barriers such as the skin and mucous membranes are crucial components of the innate immune system's first line of defense. These barriers act as physical obstacles that prevent pathogens from entering the body. Antibodies (option A) are produced by the adaptive immune system in response to specific pathogens and do not serve as physical barriers. Phagocytes (option B) are cells that engulf and digest pathogens, playing a role in the innate immune response but not as physical barriers. Memory B cells (option D) are part of the adaptive immune system and aid in mounting a faster and more effective immune response upon subsequent exposure to a specific pathogen, but they are not physical barriers against initial pathogen entry.

4. The acceleration of a falling object due to gravity has been proven to be 9.8 m/s². A scientist drops a cactus four times and measures the acceleration with an accelerometer and gets the following results: 9.79 m/s², 9.81 m/s², 9.80 m/s², and 9.78 m/s². Which of the following accurately describes the measurements?

• A. They're both accurate and precise.
• B. They're accurate but not precise.
• C. They're precise but not accurate.
• D. They're neither accurate nor precise.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The measurements are both close to the actual value (accurate) and consistent with each other (precise). Accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the true value, and precision refers to the reproducibility or consistency of the measurements. In this case, the measured values are all very close to the actual value of 9.8 m/s², indicating accuracy. Additionally, the measurements are clustered closely together, demonstrating precision. Therefore, the measurements are both accurate and precise, making choice A the correct answer. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because the measurements exhibit both accuracy and precision, as they are close to the true value and also consistent with each other.

5. What type of macromolecule is hemoglobin?

• A. Carbohydrate
• B. Lipid
• C. Protein
• D. Nucleic acid

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Protein. Hemoglobin is a protein responsible for carrying oxygen in the blood. Proteins are macromolecules made up of amino acids and play a vital role in various biological functions, including the transportation of molecules like oxygen. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids are different types of macromolecules that have distinct structures and functions. Carbohydrates are mainly involved in energy storage and structural support, lipids are essential for energy storage and cell membrane structure, and nucleic acids are responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information.

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