Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following is an example of an unsaturated fatty acid?

• A. Stearic acid
• B. Palmitic acid
• C. Oleic acid
• D. Butyric acid

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Oleic acid is an example of an unsaturated fatty acid because it contains one or more double bonds in its hydrocarbon chain, leading to kinks in the chain structure. This unsaturation gives it a lower melting point compared to saturated fatty acids. Stearic acid (A), Palmitic acid (B), and Butyric acid (D) are examples of saturated fatty acids as they do not contain any double bonds in their hydrocarbon chains, leading to a straight structure and higher melting points.

2. During REM sleep, which type of brain wave activity is often seen and associated with dreaming?

• A. Delta waves
• B. Alpha waves
• C. Beta waves
• D. Theta waves

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Theta waves are the correct answer as they are often seen during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, the stage of sleep closely related to dreaming. Theta waves have a frequency of 4-7 Hz and are typically present during deep relaxation, meditation, and light sleep stages. Delta waves (choice A) are associated with deep sleep stages, not REM sleep. Alpha waves (choice B) are present during wakefulness and relaxation but not predominantly during REM sleep. Beta waves (choice C) are associated with alertness, problem-solving, and active thinking, not specifically with REM sleep or dreaming.

3. Which process allows for the movement of large molecules, such as proteins and polysaccharides, across the cell membrane?

• A. Endocytosis
• B. Exocytosis
• C. Active transport
• D. Facilitated diffusion

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Endocytosis is the process by which cells engulf large molecules or particles by wrapping the cell membrane around them to form a vesicle that is brought into the cell. This mechanism facilitates the movement of large molecules like proteins and polysaccharides across the cell membrane. Exocytosis involves the release of large molecules or particles from the cell, opposite to the scenario described in the question. Active transport requires energy to move molecules against their concentration gradient and is not primarily used for transporting proteins and polysaccharides. Facilitated diffusion entails the movement of molecules aided by transport proteins but is not the primary mechanism for transporting large molecules such as proteins and polysaccharides.

4. How do isotopes affect the atomic mass of an element?

• A. Isotopes have no effect on the atomic mass of an element.
• B. Isotopes cause the atomic mass of an element to vary slightly.
• C. Isotopes cause the atomic mass of an element to be exactly the same for all isotopes of that element.
• D. Isotopes cause the atomic mass of an element to vary greatly.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. Since the atomic mass of an element is the weighted average of the masses of its isotopes, the presence of isotopes causes the atomic mass of an element to vary slightly. This variation occurs because different isotopes have different masses due to their varying numbers of neutrons. The atomic mass is affected by the abundance of each isotope, leading to a slight fluctuation in the overall atomic mass of the element. Choice A is incorrect because isotopes do influence the atomic mass. Choice C is incorrect because isotopes have different masses, affecting the overall atomic mass. Choice D is incorrect as isotopes typically do not cause a significant variation in atomic mass, but rather a slight fluctuation.

5. If a patient had a heart attack and tissue in the left ventricle lost blood flow, what would you most expect to happen?

• A. Blood would not flow from the lungs.
• B. Blood would back up in the legs.
• C. Blood would not be pumped to the body.
• D. Blood would not be oxygenated.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'Blood would not be pumped to the body.' When tissue in the left ventricle loses blood flow due to a heart attack, the ability of the left ventricle to pump oxygenated blood to the body is compromised. This can lead to serious consequences for the patient's overall health and organ function. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because a heart attack affecting the left ventricle does not directly impact blood flow from the lungs, cause blood to back up in the legs, or prevent blood from being oxygenated. The primary concern is the compromised ability of the left ventricle to pump blood to the rest of the body, affecting overall circulation and organ perfusion.

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