Nursing Elites

1. An investigator wishes to test the effect of temperature on the durability of a certain material. He places five blocks of this material in a sunny area in a meadow and five more in a cold area high in the mountains. He then monitors them over time. What is the main problem with this experiment?

• A. Ten subjects are far too small a number to obtain effective results.
• B. It is impossible to control for the fact that the blocks in the mountains were placed later.
• C. There are too many variables that are not being controlled for.
• D. Nothing is wrong with this experiment; this demonstrates good experimental procedure.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The main problem with this experiment is that there are too many variables that are not being controlled for. The investigator is only changing one variable (temperature) while there are other variables at play such as humidity, exposure to light, and potential differences in the material itself. Without controlling or accounting for these additional variables, it would be difficult to determine if any observed differences in durability are solely due to temperature. Choice A is incorrect because the issue is not solely about the number of subjects but about the lack of control over variables. Choice B is not the main problem as the order of placement may not significantly impact the results. Choice D is incorrect as the experiment lacks proper control over variables, which is a crucial aspect of good experimental procedure.

2. Urine, the liquid waste product of the body, travels from the kidneys to the bladder through tubes called:

• A. Ureters
• B. Urethra
• C. Nephrons
• D. Renal pelvis

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is 'Ureters.' Ureters are tubes that connect each kidney to the bladder. They transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder for storage before excretion. The urethra, which is not the correct answer, is responsible for carrying urine from the bladder out of the body. Nephrons, another incorrect choice, are microscopic units within the kidneys that filter blood and produce urine. The renal pelvis, also an incorrect choice, is a structure in the kidney where urine collects before moving into the ureters for further passage to the bladder.

3. What is the most powerful stimulus for breathing in a healthy person?

• A. Acidosis
• B. Alkalosis
• C. Increase in CO2
• D. Loss of O2

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is an increase in CO2. In a healthy individual, the primary drive to breathe is regulated by the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood. When CO2 levels increase, it triggers the body to increase the rate and depth of breathing to eliminate excess CO2 and restore the balance. This response is more powerful than other stimuli such as acidosis, alkalosis, or loss of oxygen. While acidosis and alkalosis can affect breathing, an increase in CO2 has a more direct and immediate impact. Loss of oxygen (hypoxia) is a potent stimulus, but the body's response to increased CO2 levels is generally more pronounced and immediate in healthy individuals.

4. What do Newton's rings visually demonstrate?

• A. Diffraction
• B. Doppler effect
• C. Polarization
• D. Thin-film interference

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Newton's rings are a series of concentric colored rings observed when light is reflected between a spherical surface and a flat surface. This phenomenon is a result of thin-film interference, where light waves reflecting off the two surfaces interfere with each other constructively or destructively, leading to the observed pattern of rings. Diffraction, polarization, and the Doppler effect are not related to the specific phenomenon of Newton's rings. Diffraction refers to the bending of waves around obstacles, polarization deals with the orientation of electromagnetic waves, and the Doppler effect relates to the change in frequency of waves due to motion. Therefore, the correct answer is thin-film interference, as it precisely describes the phenomenon observed in Newton's rings.

5. What is the term for a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring?

• A. Genus
• B. Phylum
• C. Kingdom
• D. Species

Correct answer: D

Rationale: A species is defined as a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring, which is a fundamental concept in biology. This ability to interbreed and produce fertile offspring is a key characteristic that distinguishes one species from another. Genus (option A) refers to a taxonomic rank that includes one or more closely related species, not the ability to interbreed. Phylum (option B) and kingdom (option C) are higher taxonomic ranks that encompass a broader range of organisms, not specifically defined by interbreeding and fertile offspring production. Therefore, the correct answer is 'Species.'

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