Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following best describes a group of cells working together?

• A. Organelle
• B. Tissue
• C. Organ
• D. Organ system

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Tissue. Tissue is a group of cells that work together to perform a specific function. Organelle refers to specialized structures within a cell, organ is a structure made up of different types of tissues working together, and organ system is a group of organs working together to perform complex functions. Therefore, tissue is the most appropriate term to describe a group of cells working together.

2. What generates action potentials, the all-or-nothing electrical signals traveling along neurons?

• A. Glucose
• B. Sodium and potassium ions
• C. Neurotransmitters
• D. Myelin

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Action potentials, the all-or-nothing electrical signals traveling along neurons, are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuronal membrane. This movement creates changes in the membrane potential, leading to the propagation of the electrical signal along the neuron. Glucose is a source of energy for neurons but is not directly involved in generating action potentials. Neurotransmitters are involved in communication between neurons but do not directly generate action potentials. Myelin is a fatty substance that insulates and speeds up the conduction of action potentials but does not generate them.

3. Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is an example of:

• A. Convergent evolution
• B. Divergent evolution
• C. Microevolution
• D. Macroevolution

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a classic example of microevolution (option C). Microevolution refers to changes in allele frequencies within a population over a relatively short period of time. In the case of antibiotic resistance, bacteria evolve resistance to antibiotics through the natural selection of pre-existing resistant strains. This process does not involve the formation of new species or higher taxonomic groups, which are associated with macroevolution (option D). Convergent evolution (option A) involves different species independently evolving similar traits in response to similar environmental pressures, which is not the case with antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Divergent evolution (option B) refers to related species becoming more dissimilar over time, which also does not apply to the scenario of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

4. Which of the following bones belongs to the category of long bones?

• A. Femur
• B. Ribs and cranial bones
• C. Sesamoid
• D. Vertebrae and hip bones

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Femur. Long bones are characterized by their elongated shape, with examples including the femur, humerus, and tibia. These bones are essential for support, movement, and bone marrow production. Choice B, 'Ribs and cranial bones,' consists of flat bones, not long bones. Choice C, 'Sesamoid,' refers to small bones embedded within tendons and do not fall under the category of long bones. Choice D, 'Vertebrae and hip bones,' includes irregular bones that provide structural support and protection for vital organs, but they are not classified as long bones.

5. What is the term for a microorganism that lives on or in the human body and normally causes no disease or harm?

• A. Bacteria
• B. Commensal Microorganism
• C. Microorganism
• D. Host

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct term for a microorganism that lives on or in the human body without causing harm is a commensal microorganism. Commensal microorganisms coexist with the host without causing disease or harm. Choice A, 'Bacteria,' is too broad as not all bacteria are harmless in the body. Choice C, 'Microorganism,' is a general term and does not specifically refer to the harmless nature of the organism. Choice D, 'Host,' refers to the organism harboring the microorganism, not the microorganism itself.

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