Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following are found both in open and closed circulatory systems?

• A. Arteries
• B. Red blood cells
• C. Capillaries
• D. Immune cells

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, Capillaries. Capillaries are found in both open and closed circulatory systems. Capillaries are small blood vessels that connect arteries and veins, allowing for the exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and tissues. They are essential components of circulatory systems regardless of whether they are open or closed. Arteries (Choice A) are not found in open circulatory systems, as these systems lack distinct arteries and veins. Red blood cells (Choice B) are present in the blood but are not exclusive to either open or closed circulatory systems. Immune cells (Choice D) are not specific components of circulatory systems, as they are part of the immune system.

2. Prokaryotic cells:

• A. Have a nucleus
• B. Have a capsule
• C. Have membrane-bound organelles
• D. Cannot move on their own

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. One characteristic feature of prokaryotic cells is the presence of a capsule, which is a protective layer outside the cell wall. This capsule helps the prokaryotic cell adhere to surfaces, evade the host immune system, and protect against desiccation. Choice A is incorrect because prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus. Choice C is incorrect as prokaryotic cells do not have membrane-bound organelles. Choice D is incorrect as prokaryotic cells can move using structures like flagella or pili.

3. What is represented by this formula: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂?

• A. Glycolysis
• B. Cellular respiration
• C. Photosynthesis
• D. Electronic transport

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The formula represents the process of photosynthesis, where carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O) are converted into glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) and oxygen (O₂) using light energy. This process is essential for plants and some microorganisms to produce food and oxygen. Glycolysis and cellular respiration involve breaking down glucose to produce energy, and the electron transport chain is part of cellular respiration, not photosynthesis.

4. A child is sick. They have a body temperature that exceeds 37ºC. The body senses this and begins to sweat in order to lower the temperature. What is this an example of?

• A. Positive feedback loop
• B. Negative feedback loop
• C. Both
• D. None of the above

Correct answer: B

Rationale: This is an example of a negative feedback loop. In a negative feedback loop, the body's response (sweating) works to counteract the initial stimulus of a high body temperature by cooling the body down. The goal is to return the body to homeostasis, maintaining a stable internal environment. Positive feedback loops amplify the initial stimulus rather than counteracting it, which is not the case here. Therefore, choices A and C are incorrect. Choice D is also incorrect as the situation described fits the characteristics of a negative feedback loop.

5. What is another name for the light-independent reaction in plants?

• A. Photosynthesis
• B. Calvin cycle
• C. Germination
• D. Phosphorus cycle

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The light-independent reaction in plants is also known as the Calvin cycle. This biochemical pathway, named after Melvin Calvin who discovered it, takes place in the stroma of chloroplasts and is responsible for converting carbon dioxide into glucose using ATP and NADPH generated during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. The Calvin cycle does not directly require light to function, hence the alternative name as the light-independent reaction. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. Photosynthesis is the overall process of converting light energy into chemical energy, which includes both light-dependent and light-independent reactions. Germination is the process where a seed sprouts into a new plant. The phosphorus cycle is the biogeochemical cycle that describes the movement of phosphorus through the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere.

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