Nursing Elites

1. Which neuromuscular system controls voluntary movement?

• A. Autonomic
• B. Somatic
• C. Sympathetic
• D. Parasympathetic

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, Somatic. The somatic nervous system controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles. It is responsible for carrying sensory and motor information to and from the central nervous system. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. The autonomic nervous system (choice A) controls involuntary functions such as heart rate and digestion. The sympathetic (choice C) and parasympathetic (choice D) nervous systems are subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system and are responsible for the body's fight-or-flight response and rest-and-digest functions, respectively.

2. What type of cells compose the epidermis?

• A. Osteoclasts
• B. Connective
• C. Dendritic
• D. Epithelial

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Epithelial. The epidermis is composed of epithelial cells, specifically called keratinocytes, which are responsible for producing keratin, a protein that provides the skin with strength and flexibility. Epithelial cells form the protective outer layer of the skin and play a crucial role in skin repair and regeneration. Choice A - Osteoclasts are cells involved in bone remodeling, not found in the epidermis. Choice B - Connective tissue cells are not the primary cells found in the epidermis. They are more commonly found in the dermis, providing structural support and elasticity to the skin. Choice C - Dendritic cells are part of the immune system and are present in the skin to help recognize pathogens and activate the immune response. However, they are not the main cell type that composes the epidermis.

3. Which type of reaction builds larger and more complex molecules from smaller ones, requiring energy?

• A. Catabolic reaction
• B. Anabolic reaction
• C. Exothermic reaction
• D. Hydrolytic reaction

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is 'Anabolic reaction.' Anabolic reactions involve the synthesis of larger and more complex molecules from smaller ones, requiring an input of energy, often in the form of ATP. These reactions are essential for processes like growth, repair, and the building of cellular structures. Catabolic reactions, on the other hand, break down larger molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy. Exothermic reactions release heat, while hydrolytic reactions involve the breakdown of molecules with the addition of water. Therefore, choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not describe the process of building larger and more complex molecules from smaller ones with the requirement of energy.

4. What is the ultimate end product of glucose breakdown in glycolysis?

• A. ATP
• B. NADPH
• C. Pyruvic acid
• D. Oxygen

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The ultimate end product of glucose breakdown in glycolysis is pyruvic acid. During glycolysis, glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid through a series of enzymatic reactions. ATP is produced as an energy carrier during glycolysis, but it is not the final end product. NADPH is not a direct product of glycolysis; it is mainly produced in the pentose phosphate pathway. Oxygen is not a product of glycolysis but is used as an electron acceptor in the electron transport chain of cellular respiration.

5. What is the relationship between work and the displacement of an object?

• A. Work depends only on the force applied, not displacement
• B. Work is directly proportional to displacement
• C. Work is inversely proportional to displacement
• D. Work is unrelated to displacement

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Work is directly proportional to displacement. In physics, work is defined as the product of the force applied to an object and the displacement of the object in the direction of the force. Therefore, work is directly proportional to displacement. Choice A is incorrect because work is dependent on both force and displacement. Choice C is incorrect because work is not inversely proportional to displacement; it is directly proportional. Choice D is incorrect because work is indeed related to displacement, as described in the definition of work in physics.

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