Nursing Elites

1. Balance the chemical equation: C4H10 + O2 → CO2 + H2O. What is the coefficient for oxygen?

• A. 5
• B. 6
• C. 7
• D. 8

Correct answer: B

Rationale: To balance the chemical equation, we need to ensure that the number of each type of atom is the same on both sides of the equation. In this case, there are 10 oxygen atoms on the right side (5 in CO2 and 5 in H2O). To balance this, we need to add a coefficient of 6 in front of O2 on the left side, resulting in 6 O2 molecules. This change will give us a total of 12 oxygen atoms on both sides, making the equation balanced. Choice A (5) is incorrect because it does not account for all the oxygen atoms present in the products. Choices C (7) and D (8) are incorrect as they would result in an imbalance in the number of oxygen atoms on both sides of the equation.

2. Which of the following correctly orders the layers of the epidermis from most superficial to deepest?

• A. S. spinosum, S. basale, S. corneum, S. granulosum, S. lucidum
• B. S. corneum, S. lucidum, S. granulosum, S. spinosum, S. basale
• C. S. corneum, S. spinosum, S. basale, S. granulosum, S. lucidum
• D. S. basale, S. spinosum, S. granulosum, S. lucidum, S. corneum

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct order of the layers of the epidermis from most superficial to deepest is: Stratum corneum, Stratum lucidum, Stratum granulosum, Stratum spinosum, Stratum basale. Choice B, 'S. corneum, S. lucidum, S. granulosum, S. spinosum, S. basale,' provides the accurate layering from the outermost to the innermost layer of the epidermis. Choice A is incorrect as it starts with Stratum spinosum, which is not the most superficial layer. Choice C is incorrect as it places Stratum spinosum before Stratum basale. Choice D is incorrect as it starts with Stratum basale, which is the deepest layer of the epidermis.

3. What is the primary function of the liver related to digestion?

• A. Produces bile
• B. Stores bile
• C. Converts waste ammonia into urea
• D. Filters and detoxifies digestion byproducts

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The primary function of the liver related to digestion is to filter and detoxify byproducts of digestion, including toxins and metabolic waste products. While the liver does produce bile and convert waste ammonia into urea, these functions are not directly related to digestion. Storing bile is mainly done by the gallbladder, not the liver.

4. What is the scientific name for the building blocks of proteins?

• A. Residues
• B. Monomers
• C. Macromolecules
• D. Peptides

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: - Proteins are made up of long chains of amino acids. - Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and are considered monomers. - Monomers are the individual units that can be linked together to form larger molecules called polymers. - In the context of proteins, amino acids are the monomers that are linked together through peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains, which then fold into functional proteins. - Residues refer to the specific amino acids within a protein after certain modifications or cleavages have occurred, so it is not the correct term for the building blocks of proteins. - Macromolecules are large molecules made up of smaller subunits, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates, but they are not the specific building blocks of proteins. - Peptides are short chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, but they are not the fundamental building blocks of proteins.

5. What type of muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs like the intestines?

• A. Cardiac muscle
• B. Smooth muscle
• C. Skeletal muscle
• D. Voluntary muscle

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Smooth muscle is the correct type of muscle found in the walls of hollow organs like the intestines. It is responsible for movements such as peristalsis, aiding in the movement of food and other materials through the digestive system. Cardiac muscle (Choice A) is found in the heart and is responsible for the heart's contractions, not in hollow organs like the intestines. Skeletal muscle (Choice C) is attached to bones and responsible for voluntary movements, not in hollow organ walls. Voluntary muscle (Choice D) is another term for skeletal muscle, which is under conscious control, unlike smooth muscle in hollow organ walls.

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