Nursing Elites

1. Which macromolecule serves as the repository of genetic information in all living organisms?

• A. Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
• B. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
• C. Protein
• D. Carbohydrate

Correct answer: B

Rationale: - DNA is the macromolecule that serves as the repository of genetic information in all living organisms. It carries the genetic instructions necessary for the growth, development, functioning, and reproduction of organisms. - RNA (option A) is involved in various cellular processes, including protein synthesis, but DNA is the primary molecule responsible for storing genetic information. - Proteins (option C) are essential for various cellular functions but do not serve as the primary repository of genetic information. - Carbohydrates (option D) are important for energy storage and structural support but do not store genetic information.

2. Where does the electron transport chain occur in the cell?

• A. Cytosol
• B. Golgi apparatus
• C. Inner mitochondrial membrane
• D. Nucleus

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The electron transport chain occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane. This process is crucial for the generation of ATP, the cell's energy currency. Choice A (Cytosol) is incorrect as the electron transport chain does not take place in the cytosol. Choice B (Golgi apparatus) is also incorrect as the Golgi apparatus is involved in modifying, sorting, and packaging of proteins. Choice D (Nucleus) is incorrect as the nucleus houses the cell's genetic material but is not the location of the electron transport chain.

3. What is the process of cells becoming specialized to perform specific functions called?

• A. Cell division
• B. Cell differentiation
• C. Cell growth
• D. Cell regeneration

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Cell differentiation is the process by which cells become specialized to perform specific functions. During differentiation, cells acquire specific structures and functions that allow them to carry out particular roles in the body. Cell division refers to the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells. Cell growth is the process by which cells increase in size and number. Cell regeneration is the process by which new cells are produced to replace damaged or lost cells in an organism. Therefore, in this context, the process of cells becoming specialized to perform specific functions is best described as cell differentiation.

4. If an organism is AB, which of the following combinations in the gametes is NOT possible?

• A. AB
• B. AA
• C. BB
• D. AB

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. If an organism is AB, it indicates that it carries two different alleles. During gamete formation, each gamete receives only one allele from the pair present in the organism. Therefore, in this case, the possible gametes would be 'A' and 'B,' making 'AA' impossible. Choice A, 'AB,' is possible as each gamete can carry one of the alleles from the genotype. Similarly, 'BB' is also possible if one of the alleles separates into a gamete. Choice D, 'AB,' is essentially the same genotype as the organism and is a possible combination in the gametes.

5. What is the term for a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in a mitochondrial gene?

• A. Autosomal dominant disorder
• B. Autosomal recessive disorder
• C. Sex-linked disorder
• D. Mitochondrial disorder

Correct answer: D

Rationale: A) Autosomal dominant disorder: This type of genetic disorder is caused by a mutation in one copy of an autosomal gene. It is not related to mitochondrial gene mutations. B) Autosomal recessive disorder: This type of genetic disorder is caused by mutations in both copies of an autosomal gene. It is not related to mitochondrial gene mutations. C) Sex-linked disorder: This type of genetic disorder is caused by mutations in genes located on the sex chromosomes (X or Y). It is not related to mitochondrial gene mutations. D) Mitochondrial disorder: Mitochondrial disorders are genetic disorders caused by mutations in genes located in the mitochondria, the energy-producing structures within cells. These disorders are inherited maternally and can affect various organs and systems in the body due to the role of mitochondria in energy production.

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