Nursing Elites

1. What is the primary function of nephrons?

• A. Store urine
• B. Filter blood and remove waste products
• C. Produce hormones
• D. Control blood pressure

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Nephrons are the functional units of the kidneys responsible for filtering blood to remove waste products, excess ions, and water. This process leads to the formation of urine, aiding in maintaining the body's fluid and electrolyte balance. The primary function of nephrons is not to store urine but to filter blood and eliminate waste products. Choice C, 'Produce hormones,' is incorrect as nephrons primarily focus on filtration rather than hormone production. Choice D, 'Control blood pressure,' is also incorrect as while the kidneys do play a role in regulating blood pressure, it is not the primary function of nephrons within the kidneys.

2. What is the primary function of the stomach in the digestive system?

• A. To absorb nutrients
• B. To break down proteins
• C. To neutralize stomach acid
• D. To regulate body temperature

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'To break down proteins.' The primary function of the stomach in the digestive system is to break down proteins using gastric acid and enzymes. The stomach's acidic environment aids in protein digestion and prepares food for further processing in the small intestine. Choice A is incorrect because nutrient absorption primarily occurs in the small intestine, not the stomach. Choice C is incorrect because the stomach actually produces stomach acid to aid in digestion, not to neutralize it. Choice D is incorrect because regulating body temperature is not a primary function of the stomach within the digestive system.

3. How does the stability of an atom's nucleus influence its radioactive decay?

• A. Stable nuclei never undergo radioactive decay.
• B. Unstable nuclei are more likely to decay through various processes.
• C. Decay releases energy, making stable nuclei more prone to it.
• D. The element's position on the periodic table determines its decay rate.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Unstable nuclei are more likely to decay through various processes. The stability of an atom's nucleus is a crucial factor in determining whether it will undergo radioactive decay. Unstable nuclei have an excess of either protons or neutrons, causing an imbalance in the nucleus. To achieve a more stable configuration, these nuclei will undergo radioactive decay by emitting particles or energy. On the contrary, stable nuclei are less likely to undergo radioactive decay as they possess a balanced number of protons and neutrons. Choice A is incorrect because stable nuclei can still undergo radioactive decay, albeit less frequently. Choice C is incorrect as decay does not make stable nuclei more prone to it; rather, it stabilizes them. Choice D is incorrect because an element's decay rate is primarily determined by the nucleus's stability, not its position on the periodic table.

4. Which molecule is responsible for storing and providing a quick source of energy during short bursts of intense physical activity, such as weightlifting or sprinting?

• A. ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
• B. Glucose
• C. Myoglobin
• D. Lactic Acid

Correct answer: A

Rationale: ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the molecule responsible for storing and providing a quick source of energy during short bursts of intense physical activity like weightlifting or sprinting. ATP is broken down to release energy rapidly when muscles need quick, intense efforts. Glucose is a source of energy but must be converted into ATP before it can be used by muscles. Myoglobin is a protein that stores oxygen in muscle cells and does not directly provide energy. Lactic acid is produced during intense exercise but is not the primary molecule responsible for providing quick energy during short bursts of intense physical activities.

5. Iron is a transition metal, which means it often forms a cation with a charge of what?

• A. 2- or 3-
• B. 1-
• C. 2+ or 3+
• D. 1+

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: 2+ or 3+. Transition metals, like iron, are known for their ability to exhibit variable oxidation states. This characteristic allows them to form cations with charges such as 2+ or 3+. Specifically, iron can form cations with these charges due to the varying electron configurations in its d-orbitals. The other choices are incorrect because transition metals typically form positively charged cations, not negatively charged ones. Additionally, while iron can form cations with charges of 2+ or 3+, it does not commonly form cations with charges of 1- or 1+. Transition metal cations play a crucial role in forming coordination complexes with ligands, highlighting their importance in various chemical reactions.

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