Nursing Elites

1. Which hormone, produced by the pancreas, is released in response to low blood sugar levels and stimulates the release of glucose into the bloodstream?

• A. Insulin
• B. Glucagon
• C. Cortisol
• D. Thyroxine

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Glucagon is the hormone produced by the pancreas that is released in response to low blood sugar levels. It acts to stimulate the release of glucose into the bloodstream by promoting the breakdown of glycogen in the liver. Insulin, conversely, is released in response to high blood sugar levels and promotes the uptake of glucose by cells. Cortisol is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands that regulates metabolism and the immune response. Thyroxine is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that regulates metabolism but is not involved in responding to low blood sugar levels.

2. Where does the nerve impulses send neurotransmitters across a synapse to a muscle cell to stimulate muscle contraction?

• A. sarcomere
• B. tendon
• C. myelin sheath
• D. neuromuscular junction

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The neuromuscular junction is the specific area where nerve impulses trigger the release of neurotransmitters that cross the synaptic gap to bind to receptors on the muscle cell membrane. This binding initiates muscle contraction by stimulating the muscle cell. The sarcomere is the basic contractile unit in a muscle fiber, not the location where nerve impulses communicate with muscle cells. Tendons are connective tissues that attach muscles to bones and are not involved in transmitting nerve impulses. The myelin sheath is a protective covering around nerve fibers but is not directly involved in transmitting neurotransmitters to muscle cells for muscle contraction.

3. Which statement confirms that the cell membrane is selectively permeable?

• A. Receptors are found on a cell's surface.
• B. Cells communicate with each other using cell signals.
• C. Environmental changes can cause a cell to expand or shrink.
• D. Sodium ions must travel through ion channels to enter the cell.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because selective permeability is demonstrated by the fact that specific ions, such as sodium, require ion channels to cross the cell membrane. This process allows the cell to control what substances can enter or exit, highlighting the selective nature of the cell membrane. Choices A, B, and C do not directly relate to the concept of selective permeability of the cell membrane. Receptors on a cell's surface (Choice A) are involved in cell signaling rather than selective permeability. Cell communication through signals (Choice B) and environmental changes affecting cell size (Choice C) are not directly related to the selective permeability of the cell membrane, which specifically refers to the regulation of substances passing through the membrane.

4. What are the two main types of nuclear decay, and what differentiates them?

• A. Fission and fusion, based on the size of the nucleus
• B. Alpha and beta decay, based on the emitted particle
• C. Spontaneous and induced decay, based on the trigger
• D. Isotope decay and chain reactions, based on the stability of the nucleus

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. The two main types of nuclear decay are alpha and beta decay, which are differentiated based on the emitted particle. In alpha decay, an alpha particle (consisting of two protons and two neutrons) is emitted from the nucleus, while in beta decay, a beta particle (either an electron or a positron) is emitted. These decay types are distinguished by the particles they emit, not by the size of the nucleus, trigger, or stability of the nucleus. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because fission, fusion, spontaneous, induced, isotope decay, and chain reactions are different processes in nuclear physics and do not represent the two main types of nuclear decay based on emitted particles.

5. How many kilograms are in 1,800 grams?

• A. 0.18
• B. 1.8
• C. 18
• D. 180

Correct answer: B

Rationale: To convert grams to kilograms, divide by 1,000 since there are 1,000 grams in a kilogram. Therefore, 1,800 grams is equal to 1.8 kilograms (1,800 / 1,000 = 1.8). Choice A (0.18) is incorrect because it incorrectly shifted the decimal point. Choice C (18) is incorrect as it represents the direct conversion without dividing by 1,000. Choice D (180) is incorrect as it is in the hundreds and not the correct conversion to kilograms. The correct answer is B.

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