Nursing Elites

1. Which hormone is released by the adrenal glands during stress?

• A. Insulin
• B. Adrenaline
• C. Melatonin
• D. Cortisol

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is released by the adrenal glands during stress to prepare the body for rapid action. It helps in triggering the body's fight-or-flight response, increasing heart rate, and providing a burst of energy when faced with stressful situations. Insulin (Choice A) is produced by the pancreas to regulate blood sugar levels, not by the adrenal glands. Melatonin (Choice C) is a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles and is produced by the pineal gland, not the adrenal glands. Cortisol (Choice D) is another hormone produced by the adrenal glands, but it is not the primary hormone released during immediate stress responses; it is more involved in long-term stress regulation.

2. Why are bacteria and blue-green algae often classified together?

• A. Both are gymnosperms.
• B. Both are prokaryotes.
• C. Both are autotrophs.
• D. Both are pathogens.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Bacteria and blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) are often classified together because they are both prokaryotes. Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms that lack a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. This characteristic distinguishes them from eukaryotic organisms, which have these membrane-bound structures. Choice A is incorrect because gymnosperms are seed-producing plants with naked seeds, not bacteria or blue-green algae. Choice C is incorrect because being an autotroph (able to produce its own food) is not a reason for classifying them together. Choice D is incorrect because not all bacteria and blue-green algae are pathogens; many of them are beneficial or neutral to other organisms.

3. Which mineral helps maintain fluid balance in the body?

• A. Potassium
• B. Cobalt
• C. Chromium
• D. Sulfur

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Potassium is the mineral that helps maintain fluid balance in the body. It plays a crucial role in regulating the amount of fluid inside and outside the body's cells, thereby helping to maintain proper hydration levels. Potassium works in conjunction with sodium to regulate fluid balance and is essential for proper muscle function, nerve transmission, and heart health. Cobalt, chromium, and sulfur do not play significant roles in maintaining fluid balance in the body, making them incorrect choices for this question.

4. Which of the following sentences is written in the passive voice?

• A. The homework was completed by the student
• B. The student completed the homework
• C. The teacher is grading the papers
• D. The store opens at 9 AM

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'The homework was completed by the student.' This sentence is in the passive voice because the subject (homework) is being acted upon by the student. In passive voice constructions, the subject receives the action rather than performing it. Choices B, C, and D are in active voice where the subject performs the action. In choice B, 'The student completed the homework,' the subject (student) is the one performing the action of completing the homework.

5. A marathon runner completes 21.6 miles and burns 2,274 calories. What is the rate of calories burned per mile?

• A. 105.28
• B. 105.37
• C. 105.45
• D. 105.55

Correct answer: A

Rationale: To find the rate of calories burned per mile, you divide the total calories burned by the total miles run: 2274 calories / 21.6 miles = 105.28 calories per mile. Therefore, the correct answer is A. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not match the calculated value. The rate of calories burned per mile is a precise calculation based on the given values, and only choice A aligns with the correct calculation.

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