Nursing Elites

1. Which condition involves an overactive immune system attacking healthy tissues, leading to inflammation and damage?

• A. Immunodeficiency
• B. Autoimmune disease
• C. Allergy
• D. Cancer

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly targets and attacks healthy tissues in the body, leading to inflammation and damage. This is different from immunodeficiency, where the immune system is weakened and unable to effectively protect the body against infections. Allergies involve an exaggerated immune response to harmless substances, while cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell growth. Therefore, the correct answer is autoimmune disease (Choice B) as it specifically describes the scenario of an overactive immune system attacking healthy tissues, distinguishing it from the other conditions listed.

2. Which of the following hormones is primarily responsible for regulating metabolism?

• A. Insulin
• B. Testosterone
• C. Adrenaline
• D. Thyroid hormone

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Thyroid hormone is the correct answer as it is primarily responsible for regulating metabolism. It plays a crucial role in controlling the body's metabolic rate, affecting how the body uses energy from food. Thyroid hormone levels can influence metabolism, energy production, and body weight regulation. Insulin, choice A, is involved in regulating blood sugar levels, not directly metabolism. Testosterone, choice B, is a sex hormone that primarily affects the development of male reproductive tissues. Adrenaline, choice C, is involved in the fight-or-flight response and not primarily responsible for regulating metabolism.

3. Which hormone, produced by the pituitary gland, stimulates the production of milk in mammary glands during breastfeeding?

• A. Growth hormone (GH)
• B. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
• C. Prolactin
• D. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Prolactin is the hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the production of milk in mammary glands during breastfeeding. It plays a crucial role in lactation by promoting the development of mammary tissue and the production of milk. Growth hormone (GH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) do not directly stimulate milk production in mammary glands. Therefore, choices A, B, and D are incorrect in the context of stimulating milk production during breastfeeding.

4. What is the atomic number of an atom?

• A. The number of protons in an atom
• B. The number of neutrons in an atom
• C. The number of electrons in an atom
• D. The sum of protons and neutrons

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: The atomic number of an atom is the number of protons in its nucleus. This number uniquely identifies the element, as each element has a distinct number of protons. Neutrons and electrons play roles in the atom's structure and stability, but the atomic number specifically refers to the number of protons. Choice B (The number of neutrons in an atom) is incorrect because the atomic number does not include neutrons; it only represents the number of protons. Choice C (The number of electrons in an atom) is incorrect because the atomic number is not related to the number of electrons, which can vary in different atomic configurations. Choice D (The sum of protons and neutrons) is incorrect because it refers to the mass number of an atom, which is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus, not just the protons.

5. Which structure in the eye is responsible for detecting light?

• A. Cornea
• B. Retina
• C. Lens
• D. Iris

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The retina is the correct answer as it is the light-sensitive structure in the eye that detects light and converts it into signals for the brain to process visual information. The cornea is the transparent outer covering of the eye that helps to focus incoming light onto the lens. The lens further focuses the light onto the retina, which is where the actual light detection and signal conversion occur. The iris, on the other hand, controls the amount of light entering the eye by adjusting the size of the pupil but is not directly responsible for detecting light.

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