Nursing Elites

1. Which condition involves an overactive immune system attacking healthy tissues, leading to inflammation and damage?

• A. Immunodeficiency
• B. Autoimmune disease
• C. Allergy
• D. Cancer

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly targets and attacks healthy tissues in the body, leading to inflammation and damage. This is different from immunodeficiency, where the immune system is weakened and unable to effectively protect the body against infections. Allergies involve an exaggerated immune response to harmless substances, while cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell growth. Therefore, the correct answer is autoimmune disease (Choice B) as it specifically describes the scenario of an overactive immune system attacking healthy tissues, distinguishing it from the other conditions listed.

2. What are the small, finger-like projections in the small intestines called?

• A. Cilia
• B. Rugae
• C. Trachea
• D. Villi

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Villi. Villi are small, finger-like projections in the small intestine that increase the surface area for absorption, aiding in the absorption of nutrients. Cilia (Choice A) are tiny hair-like structures found in various parts of the body but are not present in the small intestine. Rugae (Choice B) are folds in the mucosa of the stomach that allow for its expansion during digestion. The trachea (Choice C) is part of the respiratory system, responsible for carrying air to and from the lungs, and is not related to the small intestine.

3. Why do Neon (Ne) and Helium (He) belong to Group 18 (Noble Gases)?

• A. Electromagnetism
• B. Gravity
• C. Strong nuclear force
• D. Weak nuclear force

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Neon (Ne) and Helium (He) belong to Group 18 (Noble Gases) because they have complete and stable outer electron shells. The stability of these outer electron shells is due to the balance of attractive forces between the positively charged protons in the nucleus and the negatively charged electrons in the outer shell. This balance is maintained by the electromagnetic force, which is responsible for holding atoms together and determining their chemical properties. Gravity (Choice B) is a force of attraction between objects with mass and is not responsible for the stability of electron shells. The strong nuclear force (Choice C) and weak nuclear force (Choice D) are forces that act within the nucleus of an atom and are not directly related to the stability of outer electron shells in determining an element's group in the periodic table.

4. Which valve prevents blood from entering the left atrium when the ventricles contract?

• A. Pulmonary valve
• B. Tricuspid valve
• C. Mitral valve
• D. Aortic valve

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is the mitral valve, also known as the bicuspid valve. The mitral valve prevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium during ventricular contraction. The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle, the pulmonary valve is between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery, and the aortic valve is situated between the left ventricle and the aorta. Therefore, choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they are not related to preventing blood from entering the left atrium during ventricular contraction.

5. Which type of tissue connects muscles to bones?

• A. Ligaments
• B. Tendons
• C. Cartilage
• D. Muscles

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Tendons. Tendons connect muscles to bones, not bones to muscles. They play a crucial role in transmitting the force generated by muscles to move bones, enabling movement. Ligaments (choice A) connect bones to bones, providing stability to joints. Cartilage (choice C) is a connective tissue found in joints, providing cushioning and flexibility. Muscles (choice D) are responsible for generating force through contraction but do not directly connect muscles to bones.

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