Nursing Elites

1. Where does bile, a substance that aids in digesting fats, originate from?

• A. Stomach
• B. Pancreas
• C. Liver
• D. Gallbladder

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Bile is produced by the liver to aid in the digestion and absorption of fats. The liver produces bile, which is then stored and concentrated in the gallbladder before being released into the small intestine to facilitate fat digestion. The stomach (option A) is responsible for the initial digestion of food through gastric juices but does not produce bile. The pancreas (option B) secretes digestive enzymes like lipase to further break down fats in the small intestine but does not produce bile. The gallbladder (option D) stores and concentrates bile but does not produce it.

2. During which phase of the cardiac cycle do the atria contract, pushing blood into the ventricles?

• A. Atrial diastole
• B. Ventricular systole
• C. Atrial systole
• D. Ventricular diastole

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Atrial systole is the phase of the cardiac cycle during which the atria contract, pushing blood into the ventricles. This occurs after the atria have been filled during atrial diastole. Ventricular systole refers to the phase when the ventricles contract to push blood out of the heart, not when the atria contract. Ventricular diastole is the phase when the ventricles relax and fill with blood, not when the atria contract. Therefore, the correct answer is atrial systole as it specifically describes the atrial contraction phase.

3. Decomposers in an ecosystem play a vital role by:

• A. Photosynthesizing and producing organic matter
• B. Breaking down dead organisms and returning nutrients to the environment
• C. Preying on herbivores and controlling their populations
• D. Fixing nitrogen from the atmosphere and making it available to plants

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Decomposers are organisms that break down dead organic matter, such as dead plants and animals, into simpler substances. By doing so, they help to recycle nutrients back into the environment, making them available for other organisms to use. This process is essential for the functioning of ecosystems, as it ensures that nutrients are not lost but instead are continuously cycled through the ecosystem. Photosynthesis (option A) is the process by which plants and some other organisms convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose, and it is not a role of decomposers. Preying on herbivores (option C) is a role typically carried out by predators, not decomposers. Fixing nitrogen from the atmosphere (option D) is a process carried out by nitrogen-fixing bacteria, not decomposers.

4. The speaker's enthusiasm was contagious. Which word is the noun form of the adjective 'enthusiastic'?

• A. enthusiastic
• B. enthusiastically
• C. enthusiasm
• D. enthuse

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is 'C: enthusiasm.' The noun form of the adjective 'enthusiastic' is 'enthusiasm.' Nouns are often formed from adjectives by changing the suffix; in this case, '-ic' in 'enthusiastic' changes to '-m' in 'enthusiasm.' 'Entusiastic' is an adjective and does not function as a noun. 'Enthusiastically' is an adverb as it describes how something is done, not a noun. 'Enthuse' is a verb and does not represent the noun form of 'enthusiastic.' It is important to understand the relationships between different parts of speech when analyzing word forms.

5. Which type of cells are found in the hair bulb and are responsible for hair growth?

• A. Basal
• B. Epidermal
• C. Epithelial
• D. Merkel

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Epithelial. The hair bulb contains actively growing epithelial cells responsible for hair growth. Basal cells are located in the basal layer of the epidermis, not specifically in the hair bulb, making choice A incorrect. Epidermal cells are part of the outer layer of the skin, so choice B is incorrect. Merkel cells are related to touch sensations in the skin, not hair growth, making choice D incorrect.

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