Nursing Elites

1. When light interacts with a perfectly smooth surface, like a mirror, the dominant interaction is:

• A. Refraction
• B. Diffraction
• C. Total internal reflection
• D. Specular reflection

Correct answer: D

Rationale: When light interacts with a perfectly smooth surface like a mirror, the dominant interaction is specular reflection. Specular reflection occurs when light rays are reflected off a smooth surface at the same angle as the incident angle, resulting in a clear and sharp reflection. Refraction, which involves the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another, is not the dominant interaction with a perfectly smooth surface. Diffraction, the bending of light waves around obstacles, is not the dominant interaction with smooth surfaces. Total internal reflection occurs when light is reflected back into a medium due to encountering a boundary at an angle greater than the critical angle, but it is not the dominant interaction on a perfectly smooth surface like a mirror.

2. If you compare a 1 M solution of NaCl to a 1 M solution of glucose (C6H12O6) in water, which solution would have the higher boiling point?

• A. The NaCl solution
• B. The glucose solution
• C. They would have the same boiling point
• D. It depends on the temperature

Correct answer: A

Rationale: 1. Boiling point elevation: When a solute is added to a solvent, it raises the boiling point of the solution compared to the pure solvent. This phenomenon is known as boiling point elevation. 2. Van't Hoff factor: The extent of boiling point elevation depends on the number of particles the solute dissociates into in the solution. NaCl dissociates into two ions (Na+ and Cl-) in water, while glucose does not dissociate into ions. Therefore, NaCl has a higher Van't Hoff factor than glucose. 3. Colligative properties: Boiling point elevation is a colligative property, meaning it depends on the concentration of the solute particles, not the identity of the solute. Since both NaCl and glucose are 1 M solutions, the NaCl solution will have a higher boiling point due to its higher Van't Hoff factor. 4. Conclusion: The NaCl solution

3. The lymphatic system works closely with which other body system to fight infections?

• A. Respiratory system
• B. Digestive system
• C. Immune system
• D. Nervous system

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The lymphatic system and the immune system work closely together to fight infections. The lymphatic system aids the immune system by circulating white blood cells, a crucial component in combating pathogens, throughout the body. This collaboration helps identify and eliminate harmful invaders to maintain the body's health and well-being. Choice A (Respiratory system) is incorrect because while it plays a role in oxygen exchange and removing carbon dioxide, it is not primarily responsible for fighting infections. Choice B (Digestive system) is incorrect as its main functions involve breaking down food and absorbing nutrients, not directly fighting infections. Choice D (Nervous system) is incorrect because its primary role is in transmitting signals throughout the body and controlling bodily functions, not in fighting infections.

4. Which dome-shaped muscular structure separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity?

• A. Diaphragm
• B. Sternum
• C. Pericardium
• D. Trachea

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The diaphragm is the correct answer. It is a dome-shaped muscular structure that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. The diaphragm plays a crucial role in breathing by contracting and relaxing to change thoracic volume during inhalation and exhalation. The sternum is a flat bone in the center of the chest and is not the structure that separates the chest and abdominal cavities. The pericardium is a membrane that surrounds the heart, not involved in separating cavities. The trachea is the windpipe that connects the larynx to the bronchi and is not the structure that separates the chest and abdominal cavities.

5. Which of the following is an example of a ball-and-socket joint?

• A. Knee
• B. Hip
• C. Elbow
• D. Wrist

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, Hip. The hip joint is a ball-and-socket joint, characterized by the spherical head of one bone (femur) fitting into the cup-like socket of another bone (pelvis). This structure allows for a wide range of motion in multiple directions, such as flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as the knee, elbow, and wrist joints are not ball-and-socket joints. The knee is a hinge joint, allowing flexion and extension movements. The elbow is a hinge joint that allows flexion and extension, while the wrist is a condyloid joint permitting flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction movements.

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