Nursing Elites

1. Which type of waves require a medium (solid, liquid, or gas) to propagate?

• A. Transverse waves
• B. Longitudinal waves
• C. Electromagnetic waves
• D. Surface waves

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Longitudinal waves require a medium (solid, liquid, or gas) to propagate because the particles in the medium move parallel to the direction of the wave. As a result, they rely on the medium for transmission. Transverse waves, on the contrary, do not need a medium and can travel through a vacuum, making choice A incorrect. Electromagnetic waves, represented by choice C, do not require a medium as they consist of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that can propagate through a vacuum. Surface waves, the option in D, involve a combination of both longitudinal and transverse motion and do require a medium to travel, but longitudinal waves are the ones that strictly depend on a medium for propagation.

2. Which blood type is considered a universal donor?

• A. A
• B. B
• C. AB
• D. O

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Blood type O is considered the universal donor because individuals with type O blood can donate red blood cells to individuals with any ABO blood type (A, B, AB, or O) without causing an adverse reaction. Type O blood lacks A or B antigens on the surface of red blood cells, minimizing the risk of an immune response when transfused into individuals with different blood types. Therefore, type O blood is in high demand for blood transfusions in emergency situations when the recipient's blood type is unknown or when there is a shortage of specific blood types. Choices A, B, and AB are not considered universal donors. Individuals with blood types A, B, or AB can only donate to individuals with compatible blood types to avoid adverse reactions since they have A and/or B antigens on the surface of their red blood cells, making them incompatible with all blood types.

3. What phenomenon occurs when two identical waves are perfectly aligned and reinforce each other?

• A. Refraction
• B. Reflection
• C. Diffraction
• D. Constructive interference

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Constructive interference occurs when two identical waves are perfectly aligned and reinforce each other. This results in an increase in the overall amplitude of the wave. Refraction refers to the bending of waves as they pass from one medium to another, reflection is the bouncing back of waves when they encounter a boundary, and diffraction is the bending of waves around obstacles and openings. In this scenario, the waves are not changing direction or bending but rather combining to produce a wave with a larger amplitude, which is characteristic of constructive interference.

4. Which of the following are functions of the liver?

• A. Supports waste disposal
• B. Aids in blood clotting through plasma protein synthesis
• C. Emulsifies fats through bile production
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The liver performs various essential functions in the body. It supports waste disposal by breaking down toxins and producing bile to eliminate waste, aids in blood clotting through the synthesis of plasma proteins like fibrinogen, and emulsifies fats by producing bile that helps in fat digestion. All the statements accurately describe functions of the liver, making option D 'All of the above' the correct choice. Option A is incorrect as it oversimplifies the waste disposal function without mentioning the breakdown of toxins. Option B is incorrect as it only focuses on blood clotting and not the other functions of the liver. Option C is incorrect as it solely emphasizes fat emulsification and does not cover the liver's other crucial roles.

5. What is the largest bone in the human body?

• A. Femur (thigh bone)
• B. Tibia (shin bone)
• C. Humerus (upper arm bone)
• D. Scapula (shoulder blade)

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The femur, also known as the thigh bone, holds the title of the largest bone in the human body. Situated in the upper leg, the femur plays a vital role in supporting the body's weight and enabling movement. While the tibia (shin bone), humerus (upper arm bone), and scapula (shoulder blade) are all essential bones, none of them match the femur in terms of size and importance. The tibia, humerus, and scapula are comparatively smaller bones with specific functions in their respective areas of the body, but they do not surpass the femur in size or significance.

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