Nursing Elites

1. What type of molecules are enzymes?

• A. Water molecules
• B. Protein molecules
• C. Tripolar molecules
• D. Inorganic molecules

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Protein molecules. Enzymes are biological catalysts made up of proteins. They function by facilitating and speeding up chemical reactions in living organisms. Therefore, enzymes are primarily composed of protein molecules, not water, tripolar, or inorganic molecules. Choice A (Water molecules), Choice C (Tripolar molecules), and Choice D (Inorganic molecules) are incorrect because enzymes are specifically classified as proteins due to their structure and function in biological systems.

2. Which hormone, produced by the adrenal glands, helps regulate the body's response to stress, including increasing blood pressure and suppressing the immune system?

• A. Aldosterone
• B. Epinephrine
• C. Cortisol
• D. Insulin

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Cortisol is the correct answer. It is the hormone produced by the adrenal glands that helps regulate the body's response to stress. Cortisol plays a crucial role in increasing blood pressure and suppressing the immune system during stressful situations. Aldosterone, another hormone from the adrenal glands, primarily regulates salt and water balance in the body, not the stress response. Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is produced by the adrenal glands in response to stress, but its effects are more immediate and short-lived compared to cortisol. Insulin, produced by the pancreas, regulates blood sugar levels and is not directly involved in the body's response to stress.

3. Where is the major site for nutrient absorption in the digestive system?

• A. Mouth
• B. Stomach
• C. Small intestine
• D. Large intestine

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The small intestine is recognized as the major site for nutrient absorption in the digestive system. It plays a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients from food. The small intestine's villi and microvilli provide a large surface area specialized for absorbing nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals. This efficient absorption process is essential for supplying the body with the necessary nutrients for energy production, growth, and overall functioning. The mouth is primarily involved in the initial stages of digestion through mechanical and chemical breakdown of food. The stomach aids in further mechanical and chemical digestion but is not the primary site for nutrient absorption. The large intestine's main function is to absorb water and electrolytes, not nutrients.

4. Which of the following factors would increase the solubility of a gas in a liquid?

• A. Decreasing temperature
• B. Increasing pressure
• C. Decreasing surface area
• D. Increasing particle size

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is increasing pressure. According to Henry's Law, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid. Therefore, increasing pressure would force more gas molecules into the liquid, leading to an increase in solubility. Conversely, decreasing temperature, decreasing surface area, and increasing particle size would not directly impact the solubility of a gas in a liquid. Decreasing temperature typically decreases solubility as gases are less soluble at lower temperatures. Decreasing surface area and increasing particle size are related to surface area and not the pressure above the liquid, thus not affecting solubility as pressure does.

5. Which of the following types of immunity is provided by the secretion of antibodies by B-cells?

• A. Cell-mediated
• B. Humoral
• C. Innate immunity
• D. Phagocytic

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Humoral. Humoral immunity involves B-cells secreting antibodies to fight pathogens. In this type of immunity, antibodies circulate in the blood and other body fluids to neutralize pathogens and prevent infections. Cell-mediated immunity, on the other hand, involves the activation of T-cells to directly attack infected or abnormal cells, not the secretion of antibodies. Innate immunity refers to the nonspecific defense mechanisms the body has in place from birth, such as physical barriers and inflammatory responses. Phagocytic immunity is not a recognized type of immunity; phagocytosis is a mechanism used by cells like macrophages to engulf and digest pathogens, but it is not a specific form of immunity like humoral or cell-mediated immunity.

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