Nursing Elites

1. What is the waxy or oily substance produced by sebaceous glands that helps lubricate the skin and hair?

• A. Keratin
• B. Melanin
• C. Sebum
• D. Sweat

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Sebum is the waxy or oily substance produced by sebaceous glands. It helps lubricate the skin and hair, keeping them moisturized and protected. Keratin is a protein that makes up hair, skin, and nails, providing structure and strength. Melanin is a pigment that gives color to the skin, hair, and eyes, providing protection against UV radiation. Sweat is a watery fluid produced by sweat glands to help regulate body temperature by cooling the body through evaporation.

2. When animals eat, insulin is released from the pancreas, stimulating glucose uptake by the liver. When glucose levels drop, the pancreas reduces insulin release. This is an example of which mechanism for maintaining homeostasis?

• A. Negative feedback.
• B. Positive feedback.
• C. Stress response.
• D. Parasympathetic regulation.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: This mechanism is an example of negative feedback. Negative feedback systems work to counteract changes in the body and maintain a stable internal environment (homeostasis). In this case, the release of insulin in response to high glucose levels is followed by a reduction in insulin release when glucose levels drop. This response helps regulate glucose levels and return them to a normal range, demonstrating the characteristic of negative feedback where the body's response opposes the initial stimulus to maintain equilibrium. Positive feedback would amplify the initial change rather than counteract it, so it is not the correct choice. Stress response and parasympathetic regulation are not directly involved in this glucose regulation process, making them incorrect choices.

3. A car brakes to a stop on a level road. Which of the following forces does NOT do work on the car?

• A. The braking force applied by the wheels
• B. The normal force from the road
• C. The gravitational force on the car
• D. The friction force between the tires and the road

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The normal force from the road does not do work on the car because it is perpendicular to the direction of motion. Work is defined as force applied in the direction of motion, so the normal force, which acts perpendicular to the motion of the car, does not contribute to the work done on the car. The braking force applied by the wheels, the gravitational force on the car, and the friction force between the tires and the road all act in the direction of motion and contribute to the work done on the car. In this scenario, the normal force is supporting the weight of the car and keeping it from sinking into the road, but it does not transfer energy to the car as it moves.

4. Which of the following has a smaller genetic scale than a chromosome?

• A. Genome
• B. Gene
• C. DNA
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is 'B: Gene.' A gene is a segment of DNA and is smaller in scale than a chromosome. Genes are the fundamental units of heredity, containing the instructions for building and maintaining an organism. While a chromosome is a larger structure that carries many genes, each gene is a specific segment of DNA responsible for encoding a particular protein or RNA molecule. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. The 'Genome' (Choice A) refers to the complete set of an organism's genetic material, including all of its genes, while 'DNA' (Choice C) is the molecule that carries the genetic instructions. 'All of the above' (Choice D) is incorrect because not all options have a smaller genetic scale than a chromosome.

5. Which of the following organs does not belong with the others?

• A. Thyroid gland
• B. Stomach
• C. Intestines
• D. Pancreas

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B - Stomach. The stomach is primarily involved in the digestive system, breaking down food through digestion. In contrast, the thyroid gland, intestines, and pancreas are part of the endocrine system or digestive system, involved in hormone production, nutrient absorption, and digestion. Therefore, the stomach stands out as the odd one in this group as it is the only organ specifically dedicated to digestion, while the others have dual roles or different primary functions.

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