Nursing Elites

1. What is the principle behind the phenomenon of refraction, where waves bend when entering a new medium?

• A. Change in wavelength
• B. Change in frequency
• C. Change in wave speed
• D. None of the above

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Refraction occurs due to a change in wave speed when waves enter a new medium. As waves travel from one medium to another, their speed changes, causing them to bend. This change in speed is responsible for the bending of waves during refraction. It is not the change in wavelength or frequency that causes refraction, but rather the change in speed as waves move through different mediums. Therefore, the correct answer is the change in wave speed (Choice C). Choices A and B are incorrect as refraction is not primarily influenced by changes in wavelength or frequency, but by changes in wave speed. Choice D is also incorrect as there is a specific principle, which is the change in wave speed, behind the phenomenon of refraction.

2. What potential consequences can chromosomal nondisjunction have on offspring?

• A. Down syndrome, caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.
• B. Turner syndrome, characterized by the absence of one X chromosome in females.
• C. Klinefelter syndrome, featuring one or more extra X chromosomes in males.
• D. All of the above.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: - Chromosomal nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly during cell division, leading to an abnormal number of chromosomes in the resulting cells. - Down syndrome is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21, resulting from nondisjunction during meiosis. Individuals with Down syndrome have three copies of chromosome 21 instead of the usual two. - Turner syndrome is characterized by the absence of one X chromosome in females, leading to a variety of physical and developmental features. - Klinefelter syndrome features one or more extra X chromosomes in males, typically resulting in infertility and other physical characteristics. Therefore, chromosomal nondisjunction can lead to various genetic disorders such as Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Klinefelter syndrome, making option D the correct answer.

3. Which of the following salt solutions is most likely to conduct electricity well?

• A. A saturated solution
• B. A concentrated solution of a strong electrolyte
• C. A dilute solution of a weak acid
• D. A mixture of a neutral compound and water

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A concentrated solution of a strong electrolyte is most likely to conduct electricity well. Strong electrolytes completely dissociate into ions in solution, allowing for the flow of electric current. This high concentration of ions in the solution enhances its conductivity, making it a better conductor compared to other options. A saturated solution, although containing dissolved ions, may not have a high enough concentration to conduct electricity effectively. A dilute solution of a weak acid is a poor conductor as weak acids only partially dissociate into ions. A mixture of a neutral compound and water does not contain free ions necessary for conducting electricity.

4. How many electrons are typically found in each shell of a neutral aluminum atom with 13 electrons in its electron cloud?

• A. 6 in the first shell, 7 in the second shell
• B. 2 in the first shell, 11 in the second shell
• C. 2 in the first shell, 8 in the second shell, 3 in the third shell
• D. 3 in the first shell, 5 in the second shell, 5 in the third shell

Correct answer: C

Rationale: In a neutral aluminum atom with 13 electrons, the electron distribution typically follows the electron shell filling order based on the Aufbau principle. The first shell can hold a maximum of 2 electrons, the second shell can hold up to 8 electrons, and the third shell can hold up to 8 electrons as well. Therefore, the distribution would be 2 electrons in the first shell, 8 electrons in the second shell, and 3 electrons in the third shell, totaling 13 electrons. Choice A is incorrect as it exceeds the maximum number of electrons the shells can hold. Choice B is incorrect as it does not distribute the electrons correctly among the shells. Choice D is incorrect as it also does not distribute the electrons correctly among the shells.

5. What is a submicroscopic entity that is considered nonliving because it lacks cellular structure and consists of nucleic acids encapsulated in a protein coat called a capsid?

• A. Bacteria
• B. Fungus
• C. Virus
• D. Protozoa

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Virus. Viruses are not considered living organisms because they lack cellular structure. Instead, they are composed of nucleic acids (either DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein coat called a capsid. Bacteria (choice A), fungus (choice B), and protozoa (choice D) are all living organisms with cellular structures, unlike viruses. Therefore, they are incorrect choices for this question.

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