Nursing Elites

1. What is the meaning of endocytosis?

• A. The cell engulfs solid particles.
• B. The cell engulfs liquid material.
• C. The cell expels solid particles.
• D. The cell releases liquid material.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Endocytosis is a cellular process where the cell engulfs and internalizes solid particles by forming vesicles. It is a mechanism used for nutrient uptake, cell signaling, and maintaining cellular homeostasis. Options B, C, and D describe processes that are opposite to endocytosis. Choice B is incorrect because it describes pinocytosis, which is the process of engulfing liquid material. Choice C is incorrect as it describes exocytosis, the process of expelling material from the cell. Choice D is incorrect as it describes the process of releasing liquid material from the cell. Therefore, the correct answer is A.

2. Nerve tissue is composed of neurons and connective tissue cells that are referred to as which of the following?

• A. Osteoblasts
• B. Neuroglia
• C. Osteocytes
• D. Arterioles

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Neuroglia are specialized connective tissue cells that provide support and protection to neurons in the nervous system. They assist in the proper functioning of neurons and are essential for maintaining the overall health of nerve tissue. Therefore, in the context of nerve tissue composition, neuroglia are the connective tissue cells associated with neurons. The other choices, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and arterioles, are not the correct types of connective tissue cells found in nerve tissue. Osteoblasts are involved in bone formation, osteocytes are mature bone cells, and arterioles are small blood vessels that supply blood to tissues.

3. Through which organ do muscles push food into the stomach via peristalsis?

• A. Mouth
• B. Small intestine
• C. Epiglottis
• D. Esophagus

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, Esophagus. Muscles push food into the stomach via peristalsis in the esophagus. Peristalsis is a coordinated muscular contraction that helps move food from the mouth to the stomach through the esophagus. The rhythmic contractions of the esophageal muscles create a wave-like motion that propels food downward toward the stomach for digestion. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because the mouth is where digestion begins but does not push food into the stomach, the small intestine is mainly responsible for absorbing nutrients, and the epiglottis is a flap that prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing, not involved in pushing food into the stomach.

4. Which structure in the kidney filters blood to form urine?

• A. Nephron
• B. Glomerulus
• C. Bowman's capsule
• D. Loop of Henle

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The glomerulus is a key structure in the kidney responsible for filtering blood. It consists of a network of capillaries that filter waste products and excess substances from the blood, allowing the formation of urine. While the nephron, Bowman's capsule, and Loop of Henle are also essential components of the kidney's filtration system, the glomerulus is specifically involved in the initial blood filtration process. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, Bowman's capsule surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate, and the Loop of Henle is responsible for reabsorption and concentration of urine, not the initial blood filtration.

5. How does the circulatory system work with the digestive system?

• A. The circulatory system removes undigested solids from the body.
• B. The circulatory system filters and collects digested materials.
• C. The circulatory system moves absorbed nutrients through the body.
• D. The circulatory system releases enzymes that control digestion.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The circulatory system works with the digestive system by transporting absorbed nutrients through the body. After digestion occurs in the digestive system, nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream. The circulatory system then carries these nutrients to cells throughout the body where they are used for energy, growth, and repair. This process ensures that the necessary nutrients are delivered to where they are needed in the body. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the circulatory system is not responsible for removing undigested solids, filtering and collecting digested materials, or releasing enzymes that control digestion. These functions are primarily carried out by the digestive system.

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