Nursing Elites

1. What is the function of the alveoli in the lungs?

• A. To exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen
• B. To transport air to the lungs
• C. To filter blood
• D. To produce mucus

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The corrected answer is A: 'To exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen.' The alveoli in the lungs are responsible for facilitating gas exchange, where oxygen from inhaled air diffuses into the bloodstream, and carbon dioxide from the bloodstream diffuses into the alveoli to be exhaled. This process is vital for respiration and maintaining proper oxygen levels in the body. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect. Choice B is incorrect because the alveoli are not involved in transporting air to the lungs; they are primarily responsible for gas exchange. Choice C is incorrect because the alveoli do not filter blood; their main function is gas exchange. Choice D is incorrect because alveoli do not produce mucus; mucus is produced by other specialized cells in the respiratory system.

2. What is the difference between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron?

• A. Sensory neurons carry signals from sensory receptors towards the central nervous system, while motor neurons carry signals away from the central nervous system to muscles and glands.
• B. Sensory neurons control voluntary muscles, while motor neurons control involuntary muscles.
• C. Sensory neurons are located in the peripheral nervous system, while motor neurons are located in the central nervous system.
• D. Sensory neurons detect light, while motor neurons detect sound.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Sensory neurons are responsible for carrying signals from sensory receptors towards the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), allowing the brain to receive information about the external environment. On the other hand, motor neurons carry signals away from the central nervous system to muscles and glands, enabling the brain to control voluntary and involuntary movements. Choice B is incorrect because sensory neurons do not control muscles, and motor neurons control both voluntary and involuntary muscles. Choice C is incorrect as sensory neurons are located in the peripheral nervous system, while motor neurons are located in the central nervous system. Choice D is incorrect because sensory neurons detect various stimuli such as touch, taste, smell, and sound, while motor neurons are not involved in detecting sensory stimuli.

3. What type of bond connects sugar and phosphate in DNA?

• A. Hydrogen
• B. Ionic
• C. Covalent
• D. Overt

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is Covalent (C). In DNA, a covalent bond connects sugar and phosphate molecules. This bond involves the sharing of electron pairs between the atoms, providing stability to the DNA structure. Hydrogen bonds are important in DNA structure but are not the primary bond connecting sugar and phosphate. Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons, and 'overt' is not a term related to the bond connecting sugar and phosphate in DNA.

4. What potential consequences can chromosomal nondisjunction have on offspring?

• A. Down syndrome, caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.
• B. Turner syndrome, characterized by the absence of one X chromosome in females.
• C. Klinefelter syndrome, featuring one or more extra X chromosomes in males.
• D. All of the above.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: - Chromosomal nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly during cell division, leading to an abnormal number of chromosomes in the resulting cells. - Down syndrome is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21, resulting from nondisjunction during meiosis. Individuals with Down syndrome have three copies of chromosome 21 instead of the usual two. - Turner syndrome is characterized by the absence of one X chromosome in females, leading to a variety of physical and developmental features. - Klinefelter syndrome features one or more extra X chromosomes in males, typically resulting in infertility and other physical characteristics. Therefore, chromosomal nondisjunction can lead to various genetic disorders such as Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Klinefelter syndrome, making option D the correct answer.

5. What is the primary organ responsible for filtering urine?

• A. Kidneys
• B. Bladder
• C. Ureters
• D. Urethra

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Kidneys. The kidneys are the primary organs responsible for filtering urine. They filter waste products and excess substances from the blood to produce urine. Subsequently, urine travels from the kidneys through the ureters to the bladder. The bladder temporarily stores urine until it is expelled from the body through the urethra. The bladder's function is storage, the ureters transport urine, and the urethra is the exit pathway for urine expulsion. Therefore, the kidneys play a vital role in the filtration and production of urine within the urinary system.

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