Nursing Elites

1. What is the formula to calculate work?

• A. Work = Force × Distance
• B. Work = Mass × Velocity
• C. Work = Power × Time
• D. Work = Energy ÷ Time

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Work is defined as the product of the force applied to an object and the distance over which the force is applied. The formula to calculate work is represented by Work = Force × Distance, where force is the applied force on an object and distance is the displacement over which the force is applied. Therefore, the correct formula to calculate work is Work = Force × Distance. Choice B, 'Work = Mass × Velocity,' is incorrect because work involves force and distance, not mass and velocity. Choice C, 'Work = Power × Time,' is incorrect because work is not directly calculated using power and time. Choice D, 'Work = Energy ÷ Time,' is incorrect because work is not typically calculated by dividing energy by time; rather, it involves the product of force and distance.

2. Which represents the correct order of airflow in the lungs?

• A. Bronchi, trachea, alveoli, bronchioles
• B. Alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, trachea
• C. Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
• D. Bronchioles, alveoli, trachea, bronchi

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct order of airflow in the lungs starts with air entering through the trachea, moving into the bronchi, then proceeding to the bronchioles, and finally reaching the alveoli where gas exchange occurs. Therefore, the correct sequence is Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli, making choice C the accurate representation of the airflow in the lungs. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not follow the anatomical path of airflow in the lungs as air moves from the trachea to the bronchi, then bronchioles, and finally the alveoli for gas exchange.

3. What is the term for a solution that has exactly the same concentration of solute as another solution?

• A. Saturated solution
• B. Unsaturated solution
• C. Isotonic solution
• D. Concentrated solution

Correct answer: C

Rationale: An isotonic solution is a solution that has the same concentration of solute as another solution. When cells are placed in an isotonic solution, there is no net movement of water across the cell membrane, maintaining equilibrium. Choice A, a saturated solution, refers to a solution that contains the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved at a given temperature. Choice B, an unsaturated solution, is a solution that contains less solute than a saturated solution under the same conditions. Choice D, a concentrated solution, is a solution with a high amount of solute compared to the solvent.

4. What is the recommended daily fluid intake for adults?

• A. 1 liter
• B. 2 liters
• C. 3 liters
• D. 4 liters

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The recommended daily fluid intake for adults is typically around 2 liters, which is equivalent to about 8 cups or half a gallon. This amount can vary depending on factors such as age, gender, weight, activity level, and climate. Staying adequately hydrated is essential for overall health and helps maintain proper bodily functions, such as regulating body temperature, aiding digestion, and transporting nutrients and oxygen throughout the body. Drinking enough fluids also helps prevent dehydration, which can lead to symptoms like fatigue, headaches, and dizziness. Choice A, 1 liter, is insufficient and may not meet the body's hydration needs, while choices C and D, 3 liters and 4 liters, respectively, are excessive for most adults and could potentially lead to overhydration, which may have negative health consequences. It's important to note that individual fluid needs may vary, so it's always best to consult with a healthcare provider for personalized recommendations.

5. Which feedback loops are less common and sometimes harmful because they enhance stimuli rather than inhibit them?

• A. Negative feedback loop
• B. Positive feedback loop
• C. Inhibitory feedback loop
• D. Stimulating feedback loop

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Correct. Positive feedback loops enhance or amplify changes, which can sometimes be harmful as they drive processes further from equilibrium. In contrast, negative feedback loops work to counteract deviations from a set point, promoting stability. Choice A, 'Negative feedback loop,' is incorrect because negative feedback loops inhibit or reduce changes, promoting stability. Choice C, 'Inhibitory feedback loop,' is incorrect as it is synonymous with negative feedback loops. Choice D, 'Stimulating feedback loop,' is incorrect as it inaccurately describes the nature of positive feedback loops.

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