Nursing Elites

1. What is the initial step in the metabolism of food to cellular energy?

• A. Citric Acid Cycle
• B. Glycolysis
• C. Electron Transport Chain
• D. Photosynthesis

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Glycolysis. Glycolysis is the initial step in the metabolism of food to cellular energy. During glycolysis, glucose is broken down into pyruvate, generating ATP and NADH. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the Citric Acid Cycle and Electron Transport Chain occur later in cellular respiration, while Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy.

2. The scientific name for a house cat is Felis catus. This indicates the house cat’s ___________ and ___________.

• A. kingdom; family
• B. order; subspecies
• C. phylum; class
• D. genus; species

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The scientific name for an organism consists of its genus and species. In this case, 'Felis' refers to the genus, while 'catus' refers to the species, thus indicating the house cat's genus and species as Felis catus. Therefore, the correct answer is 'D.' Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because a scientific name does not include information about the kingdom, family, order, subspecies, phylum, or class of an organism.

3. What is the process by which cells divide to form two identical daughter cells?

• A. Mitosis
• B. Meiosis
• C. Binary Fission
• D. Cellular Division

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, Mitosis. Mitosis is the process in which a cell divides to form two identical daughter cells. Choice B, Meiosis, is a type of cell division that results in four non-identical daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes. Choice C, Binary Fission, is a form of asexual reproduction used by prokaryotic organisms. Choice D, Cellular Division, is a general term that encompasses various processes of cell division, but specifically, mitosis refers to the division resulting in two identical daughter cells.

4. Which organelle organizes protein synthesis?

• A. mitochondrion
• B. nucleus
• C. ribosome
• D. vacuole

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Ribosomes are the organelles responsible for organizing protein synthesis. They are the protein factories of the cell, where amino acids are linked together to form proteins. Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell, responsible for energy production. The nucleus contains the cell's genetic material but does not directly organize protein synthesis. Vacuoles are responsible for storage and maintaining the cell's turgidity.

5. When the genotype consists of a dominant and a recessive allele, the phenotype will be like the _ allele.

• A. Dominant
• B. Recessive
• C. Both
• D. Neither

Correct answer: A

Rationale: When the genotype consists of a dominant and a recessive allele, the phenotype will be like the dominant allele. This is because dominant alleles typically mask the expression of recessive alleles. Therefore, the dominant allele will be expressed in the phenotype in most basic cases. The recessive allele will only be expressed phenotypically if the individual is homozygous recessive. Choice B, 'Recessive,' is incorrect because the phenotype will not be like the recessive allele in this case. Choice C, 'Both,' is incorrect because in simple dominant-recessive inheritance, the dominant allele will overshadow the recessive allele. Choice D, 'Neither,' is incorrect as the phenotype will resemble the dominant allele.

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