Nursing Elites

1. What is the difference between homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids?

• A. Homologous chromosomes have the same genes but may have different alleles, while sister chromatids are identical copies of the same chromosome.
• B. Homologous chromosomes are only found in diploid cells, while sister chromatids are found in both haploid and diploid cells.
• C. Both homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids are genetically identical, but only sister chromatids separate during mitosis.
• D. Both homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids can separate during mitosis, but only homologous chromosomes have different alleles.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: - Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes that have the same genes in the same order, one from each parent. While they carry the same genes, they may have different alleles (variants of a gene). - Sister chromatids are exact copies of each other, formed during DNA replication. They are held together by a centromere and are produced during the S phase of the cell cycle. - During meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material through crossing over, leading to genetic variation. Sister chromatids separate during mitosis to ensure each daughter cell receives an identical copy of the genetic material.

2. How many lobes does the right lung have?

• A. 1
• B. 2
• C. 3
• D. 4

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: 3. The right lung consists of three lobes: the upper, middle, and lower lobes. This distinction is vital as the left lung only has two lobes, the upper and lower lobes. Understanding the anatomical variances between the lobes of the right and left lungs is crucial for comprehending respiratory physiology and its clinical implications in medical practice. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the right lung does not have 1, 2, or 4 lobes. It is essential to differentiate between the lobes of the right and left lungs to have a comprehensive understanding of pulmonary anatomy.

3. Which of the following Mendelian laws describes how pairs of alleles within genes separate and recombine independently from other genes?

• A. law of segregation
• B. law of dominance
• C. law of independent assortment
• D. law of predictive traits

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The law of independent assortment describes how alleles of different genes segregate independently during gamete formation. This means that different gene pairs are passed on to offspring separately from one another, allowing for various combinations of traits. Gregor Mendel discovered this law, along with the law of segregation and the law of dominance, through his experiments with pea plants. The law of segregation (choice A) refers to how alleles of a gene separate during gamete formation, while the law of dominance (choice B) states that one allele can mask the presence of another in a heterozygous individual. The 'law of predictive traits' (choice D) is not a recognized Mendelian law and does not accurately describe the principles of genetic inheritance.

4. What are the components of the female external genitalia and their functions?

• A. Ovaries: internal reproductive organs
• B. Vulva: external structures of the female genitalia
• C. Uterus: internal reproductive organ for fetal development
• D. Vagina: birth canal

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The corrected answer is B: 'Vulva: external structures of the female genitalia.' The vulva includes external structures such as the labia, clitoris, and vaginal opening. These structures play roles in sexual arousal and protection of the internal genital organs. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they are internal reproductive organs. The ovaries produce eggs, the uterus houses the developing fetus, and the vagina serves as the birth canal. Hence, they are not components of the female external genitalia.

5. What is the name of the monthly cycle in females that prepares the body for potential pregnancy?

• A. Ovulation cycle
• B. Menstrual cycle
• C. Implantation cycle
• D. Gestation cycle

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, the menstrual cycle. The menstrual cycle is the monthly series of changes that occur in the female reproductive system, preparing the body for potential pregnancy. One of the key events in this cycle is the thickening of the uterine lining in anticipation of receiving a fertilized egg. If fertilization does not occur, this thickened lining is shed during menstruation. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. The ovulation cycle specifically refers to the release of the egg from the ovary, not the entire monthly reproductive cycle. The implantation cycle is the phase when a fertilized egg attaches to the uterine lining, not the overall monthly cycle. The gestation cycle pertains to the period of development from conception to birth, not the cycle preparing for potential pregnancy.

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