Nursing Elites

1. When is a solution formed?

• A. One substance dissolves in another
• B. Two or more substances react chemically
• C. A solid changes to a liquid
• D. None of the above

Correct answer: A

Rationale: A solution is formed when one substance dissolves in another. This process creates a homogeneous mixture where the solute is dispersed in the solvent, resulting in a uniform composition throughout the mixture. Choice B is incorrect because chemical reactions involve the transformation of substances into new compounds, not the formation of solutions. Choice C is incorrect as it describes a physical change from a solid to a liquid, not the formation of a solution. Choice D is incorrect as one substance dissolving in another is the defining characteristic of a solution.

2. During embryonic development, all tissues originate from

• A. Epithelial tissue only
• B. Muscle tissue only
• C. Connective tissue only
• D. Embryonic germ layers

Correct answer: D

Rationale: During embryonic development, all tissues originate from the three primary germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. These germ layers give rise to various tissues and organs in the developing embryo through a process called gastrulation. Epithelial, muscle, and connective tissues are derived from these germ layers during development. Therefore, choices A, B, and C are incorrect as tissues do not originate from a single type of tissue but rather from the embryonic germ layers which differentiate into various tissues and organs.

3. Which types of waves are capable of interference and diffraction?

• A. Longitudinal waves only
• B. Transverse waves only
• C. Electromagnetic waves only
• D. Both longitudinal and transverse waves

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Both longitudinal and transverse waves are capable of interference and diffraction. Interference occurs when two or more waves overlap and combine, either constructively (increasing amplitude) or destructively (decreasing amplitude). Diffraction is the bending of waves around obstacles or through openings, which can occur with both longitudinal and transverse waves. Choice A is incorrect because only stating longitudinal waves can undergo interference and diffraction is inaccurate. Choice B is also incorrect as transverse waves, not just longitudinal waves, can exhibit these phenomena. Choice C is incorrect because electromagnetic waves are a broad category that includes both longitudinal and transverse waves, so it is not exclusive to either type. The correct answer is D because both longitudinal and transverse waves can demonstrate interference and diffraction.

4. What is the primary organ responsible for filtering urine?

• A. Kidneys
• B. Bladder
• C. Ureters
• D. Urethra

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Kidneys. The kidneys are the primary organs responsible for filtering urine. They filter waste products and excess substances from the blood to produce urine. Subsequently, urine travels from the kidneys through the ureters to the bladder. The bladder temporarily stores urine until it is expelled from the body through the urethra. The bladder's function is storage, the ureters transport urine, and the urethra is the exit pathway for urine expulsion. Therefore, the kidneys play a vital role in the filtration and production of urine within the urinary system.

5. Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy body tissues. What is a potential cause of autoimmune diseases?

• A. Deficiency in essential vitamins and minerals
• B. Exposure to environmental toxins
• C. Breakdown in immune cell self-tolerance mechanisms
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Autoimmune diseases result from a breakdown in immune cell self-tolerance mechanisms, leading to the immune system mistakenly attacking healthy body tissues. While deficiencies in essential vitamins and minerals or exposure to environmental toxins can impact overall health, they are not direct causes of autoimmune diseases. Deficiency in essential vitamins and minerals may weaken the immune system, making it more susceptible to various health issues but does not directly cause autoimmune diseases. Exposure to environmental toxins can trigger immune responses, but autoimmune diseases specifically stem from the breakdown of self-tolerance mechanisms within immune cells. Therefore, the correct answer is a breakdown in immune cell self-tolerance mechanisms.

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