Nursing Elites

1. When is a solution formed?

• A. One substance dissolves in another
• B. Two or more substances react chemically
• C. A solid changes to a liquid
• D. None of the above

Correct answer: A

Rationale: A solution is formed when one substance dissolves in another. This process creates a homogeneous mixture where the solute is dispersed in the solvent, resulting in a uniform composition throughout the mixture. Choice B is incorrect because chemical reactions involve the transformation of substances into new compounds, not the formation of solutions. Choice C is incorrect as it describes a physical change from a solid to a liquid, not the formation of a solution. Choice D is incorrect as one substance dissolving in another is the defining characteristic of a solution.

2. What property of a wave determines its speed in a given medium?

• A. Amplitude
• B. Wavelength
• C. Frequency
• D. Medium's properties

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The speed of a wave in a given medium is determined by the properties of that medium, such as its density and elasticity. While amplitude, wavelength, and frequency are important characteristics of a wave, they do not directly impact its speed in a specific medium. Amplitude refers to the maximum displacement of particles in a wave, wavelength is the distance between two successive points in a wave that are in phase, and frequency is the number of complete oscillations a wave makes in a given time. However, these properties do not dictate the speed of a wave in a particular medium. Therefore, the correct answer is the medium's properties.

3. According to the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog (CIP) ranking system, which functional group has the highest priority?

• A. Alcohol (OH)
• B. Aldehyde (CHO)
• C. Carboxylic Acid (COOH)
• D. Amine (NH2)

Correct answer: C

Rationale: In the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog (CIP) ranking system, functional groups are prioritized based on the atomic number of the atoms directly attached to the functional group. Carboxylic acid (COOH) holds the highest priority as the carbon atom is directly bonded to two oxygen atoms, which have higher atomic numbers compared to carbon, hydrogen, or nitrogen. The higher the atomic number of the attached atoms, the higher the priority of the functional group in the CIP ranking system. Therefore, choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they have lower atomic numbers in the atoms directly attached to them, making them lower in priority according to the CIP system.

4. What is the main function of lysosomes?

• A. Breaking down and recycling cellular waste
• B. Storing carbohydrates
• C. Synthesizing lipids
• D. Transcribing DNA into mRNA

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The main function of lysosomes is to break down and recycle cellular waste materials, such as old organelles, foreign substances, and cellular debris. This process is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis and proper functioning. Storing carbohydrates (B), synthesizing lipids (C), and transcribing DNA into mRNA (D) are not functions typically associated with lysosomes. Storing carbohydrates is primarily done by other organelles like vacuoles. Synthesizing lipids is a function usually associated with the endoplasmic reticulum and transcribing DNA into mRNA occurs in the nucleus by the process of transcription.

5. A light ray travels from air (refractive index 1.00) into water (refractive index 1.33). What happens to its speed and direction?

• A. Speed increases, direction bends towards the normal.
• B. Speed increases, direction bends away from the normal.
• C. Speed decreases, direction bends towards the normal.
• D. Speed and direction remain unchanged.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: When a light ray travels from air (lower refractive index) to water (higher refractive index), its speed decreases due to the change in the medium. This is because light travels slower in denser mediums. As the light ray enters the denser medium, water in this case, it bends towards the normal (the line perpendicular to the surface of the water). This phenomenon is known as refraction. Choice A is incorrect as the speed of light decreases when entering a denser medium. Choice B is incorrect as the direction bends towards the normal, not away from it. Choice D is incorrect as the speed and direction of the light ray do change when moving from air to water.

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