Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following are the abdominal quadrants?

• A. RUQ, RLQ, LLQ, LUQ
• B. RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ
• C. LUQ, RUQ, LLQ, RLQ
• D. LLQ, LUQ, RUQ, RLQ

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ. The four abdominal quadrants are named as follows: Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ), Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ), Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ), and Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ). These quadrants are used in healthcare to describe specific areas of the abdomen during assessments and discussions related to abdominal anatomy and pathology. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not follow the standard order of the abdominal quadrants.

2. Where does most of the chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients occur?

• A. Mouth
• B. Stomach
• C. Small intestine
• D. Large intestine

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The small intestine is the primary site for both chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients in the digestive system. The lining of the small intestine is equipped with villi and microvilli, which significantly increase the surface area available for absorption. Enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver play crucial roles in further breaking down food into absorbable molecules that can pass through the intestinal wall into the bloodstream. While the stomach assists in mechanical breakdown and initial protein digestion, it is not the main site of nutrient absorption. The large intestine, on the other hand, mainly absorbs water and electrolytes from undigested food particles. The mouth aids in initial mechanical breakdown and some carbohydrate digestion, but the majority of nutrient absorption occurs in the small intestine, making it the correct answer.

3. If a patient had a heart attack and tissue in the left ventricle lost blood flow, what would you most expect to happen?

• A. Blood would not flow from the lungs.
• B. Blood would back up in the legs.
• C. Blood would not be pumped to the body.
• D. Blood would not be oxygenated.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'Blood would not be pumped to the body.' When tissue in the left ventricle loses blood flow due to a heart attack, the ability of the left ventricle to pump oxygenated blood to the body is compromised. This can lead to serious consequences for the patient's overall health and organ function. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because a heart attack affecting the left ventricle does not directly impact blood flow from the lungs, cause blood to back up in the legs, or prevent blood from being oxygenated. The primary concern is the compromised ability of the left ventricle to pump blood to the rest of the body, affecting overall circulation and organ perfusion.

4. Which types of molecules can move through a cell membrane by passive transport?

• A. Complex sugars
• B. Non-lipid soluble molecules
• C. Oxygen
• D. Molecules moving from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Oxygen. Small, non-polar molecules like oxygen can easily pass through the cell membrane by passive transport as they move down their concentration gradient without the need for energy input. Complex sugars (choice A) are typically too large to pass through the membrane by passive transport. Non-lipid soluble molecules (choice B) may require active transport mechanisms. Choice D describes active transport, where molecules move against their concentration gradient, requiring energy input.

5. The pancreas releases a number of digestive enzymes into the small intestine. Which of the following enzymes is NOT produced by the pancreas?

• A. Trypsin (protein digestion)
• B. Amylase (carbohydrate digestion)
• C. Lipase (fat digestion)
• D. Lactase (sugar digestion)

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Lactase is an enzyme responsible for breaking down lactose, a sugar found in dairy products, and it is produced by the small intestine, not the pancreas. The pancreas produces enzymes like trypsin for protein digestion, amylase for carbohydrate digestion, and lipase for fat digestion. Therefore, the correct answer is D. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because trypsin, amylase, and lipase are indeed enzymes produced by the pancreas for the digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, respectively.

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