Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following endocrine system glands releases the thyrotrophic-releasing hormone, growth hormone-releasing hormone, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone?

• A. Thymus
• B. Pituitary gland
• C. Pineal gland
• D. Hypothalamus

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, the Hypothalamus. The hypothalamus is responsible for releasing key hormones like thyrotrophic-releasing hormone, growth hormone-releasing hormone, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone. These hormones play essential roles in regulating various body functions by influencing the activities of other endocrine glands. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because the thymus is involved in immune function, the pituitary gland releases different hormones, and the pineal gland primarily produces melatonin, not the hormones mentioned in the question.

2. What is the meaning of exocytosis?

• A. The cell engulfs and brings in substances.
• B. The cell releases content outside by fusing with the plasma membrane.
• C. The cell engulfs liquid material.
• D. The cell brings in solid particles.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Exocytosis is the process by which a cell releases substances to the outside by fusing with the plasma membrane. During exocytosis, vesicles containing molecules fuse with the cell membrane, allowing the release of the contents outside the cell. This process is crucial for the secretion of various substances such as hormones, enzymes, and neurotransmitters. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they describe processes different from exocytosis. Choice A describes endocytosis, where the cell engulfs substances to bring them into the cell. Choice C is more aligned with pinocytosis, the process of engulfing liquid material. Choice D refers to phagocytosis, which is the uptake of solid particles by the cell.

3. What is the role of the large intestine in the digestive system?

• A. Absorbing nutrients
• B. Absorbing water and forming solid waste
• C. Breaking down fats
• D. Secreting digestive enzymes

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Absorbing water and forming solid waste. The large intestine plays a crucial role in absorbing water from the remaining indigestible food matter and forming solid waste (feces) to be excreted from the body. This process helps in maintaining the body's fluid balance and eliminating waste efficiently. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the large intestine is not primarily responsible for absorbing nutrients, breaking down fats, or secreting digestive enzymes. These functions are mainly carried out in the small intestine.

4. What is the primary role of the stomach in the digestive system?

• A. To absorb nutrients
• B. To break down food
• C. To secrete digestive enzymes
• D. To store glucose

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The primary role of the stomach in the digestive system is to break down food. It accomplishes this through the action of gastric acid and digestive enzymes, which work together to break down food into a semi-liquid mixture known as chyme. Option B, 'To break down food,' is the correct answer. Option A, 'To absorb nutrients,' is incorrect because absorption mainly occurs in the small intestine. Option C, 'To secrete digestive enzymes,' is partially correct as the stomach does secrete digestive enzymes, but its primary function is to break down food. Option D, 'To store glucose,' is incorrect as glucose storage primarily occurs in the liver and muscles, not the stomach.

5. What is the function of the urinary bladder?

• A. To filter waste from the blood
• B. To store urine
• C. To regulate fluid balance
• D. To remove waste from the body

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: To store urine. The urinary bladder's primary function is to store urine produced by the kidneys until it is ready to be excreted from the body. It acts as a reservoir that temporarily holds urine until an appropriate time for elimination. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the urinary bladder does not filter waste from the blood, regulate fluid balance, or directly remove waste from the body. These functions are primarily carried out by the kidneys and other organs in the excretory system.

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