Nursing Elites

1. The shoulder is _________ to the elbow.

• A. posterior
• B. proximal
• C. distal
• D. medial

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Proximal refers to a position closer to the point of attachment or origin. In this case, the shoulder is closer to the point of attachment to the body compared to the elbow, making it proximal to the elbow. 'Posterior' refers to the back side of the body, 'distal' means farther away from the point of attachment, and 'medial' refers to the middle of the body. These terms do not accurately describe the relationship between the shoulder and the elbow in this context.

2. What does trypsin break down in the body?

• A. Fat
• B. Starch
• C. Proteins
• D. Nucleic acids

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Trypsin is an enzyme that specifically breaks down proteins into smaller peptides by hydrolyzing peptide bonds. It is a key enzyme involved in the digestion of proteins in the body, particularly in the small intestine where it helps in the final stages of protein digestion. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because trypsin does not break down fats, starch, or nucleic acids; its primary function is the digestion of proteins.

3. What is the primary function of the skin in the integumentary system?

• A. Regulating body temperature
• B. Protecting the body from external damage
• C. Producing red blood cells
• D. Producing hormones

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The primary function of the skin in the integumentary system is to protect the body from external damage. The skin acts as a barrier against pathogens, UV radiation, and physical trauma. While the skin does help regulate body temperature by sweating and vasodilation, its main role is protection. Skin does not produce red blood cells; this is the function of the bone marrow. Hormones are primarily produced by endocrine glands, not the skin.

4. When an individual is under stress, hormones are released. Which of the following is not one of the locations in which hormones are released when under stress?

• A. Posterior pituitary
• B. Hypothalamus
• C. Adrenal cortex
• D. Parathyroid

Correct answer: D

Rationale: During stress, hormones are released from the adrenal cortex, posterior pituitary, and hypothalamus to help the body respond. The parathyroid gland, however, is not typically involved in the stress response by releasing hormones. The posterior pituitary releases hormones like oxytocin and vasopressin, the hypothalamus secretes corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and vasopressin, while the adrenal cortex releases cortisol and aldosterone in response to stress. Therefore, the correct answer is 'Parathyroid.'

5. What is the primary function of the kidneys in the urinary system?

• A. Regulating blood pressure
• B. Filtering blood to remove waste
• C. Producing red blood cells
• D. Regulating electrolyte balance

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The primary function of the kidneys in the urinary system is to filter blood to remove waste products and excess fluids, which are then excreted as urine. Kidneys act as a filtration system, removing waste like urea, excess salts, and toxins. While the kidneys do play a role in regulating blood pressure by secreting renin and maintaining electrolyte balance by adjusting the levels of sodium, potassium, and other ions in the blood, their main and essential function is filtration and waste removal, making choice B the correct answer.

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