Nursing Elites

1. The shoulder is _________ to the elbow.

• A. posterior
• B. proximal
• C. distal
• D. medial

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Proximal refers to a position closer to the point of attachment or origin. In this case, the shoulder is closer to the point of attachment to the body compared to the elbow, making it proximal to the elbow. 'Posterior' refers to the back side of the body, 'distal' means farther away from the point of attachment, and 'medial' refers to the middle of the body. These terms do not accurately describe the relationship between the shoulder and the elbow in this context.

2. Which gland regulates the body's metabolic rate?

• A. Pituitary gland
• B. Thyroid gland
• C. Adrenal gland
• D. Pineal gland

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The thyroid gland is responsible for regulating the body's metabolic rate by producing hormones such as thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones play a crucial role in controlling the body's metabolism, affecting processes like growth, energy production, and temperature regulation. The pituitary gland is known as the 'master gland' but primarily regulates other endocrine glands by releasing hormones that stimulate their function. The adrenal gland is responsible for producing hormones like adrenaline and cortisol, which are involved in the body's response to stress. The pineal gland secretes melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles and circadian rhythms, but is not directly involved in regulating metabolic rate.

3. Why might certain young people be underweight?

• A. They are growing in height faster than they are gaining weight.
• B. They eat little protein and too much fat and sugar.
• C. They eat several meals a day and fail to exercise enough.
• D. They seldom eat a meal that contains foods from all food groups.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Certain young people might be underweight because they are growing in height faster than they are gaining weight. During periods of rapid growth, the body's energy requirements are primarily directed towards height growth rather than weight gain, resulting in some individuals being underweight despite consuming sufficient calories. Choice B is incorrect because the question focuses on reasons related to growth rather than diet composition. Choice C is incorrect as it suggests overeating rather than the specific growth-related issue of height surpassing weight gain. Choice D is incorrect as it addresses nutritional variety rather than the growth dynamics affecting weight.

4. What is the function of the liver in the digestive system?

• A. To store glucose
• B. To produce bile
• C. To detoxify harmful substances
• D. To absorb nutrients

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: To produce bile. The liver's primary function in the digestive system is to produce bile. Bile is essential for the digestion and absorption of fats in the small intestine. It helps emulsify fats, making it easier for enzymes to break them down into smaller molecules for absorption. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as storing glucose is primarily done in the liver for energy maintenance, detoxifying harmful substances is a function of the liver related to metabolism but not specifically in the digestive system, and absorbing nutrients is mainly done in the small intestine rather than the liver.

5. Which feature of the ear is most medial?

• A. Pinna
• B. Tympanic membrane
• C. Cochlea
• D. Outer canal

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The tympanic membrane, also known as the eardrum, is the most medial feature in the ear. It separates the outer ear from the middle ear and serves as a barrier that vibrates in response to sound waves, transmitting vibrations to the middle ear ossicles. The pinna, cochlea, and outer canal are located more laterally in the ear anatomy. The pinna is the visible part of the ear located on the lateral side of the head, the cochlea is a spiral-shaped structure in the inner ear responsible for hearing, and the outer canal refers to the external auditory canal leading to the eardrum.

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