Nursing Elites

1. The innate immune system provides a non-specific first line of defense. What are some physical barriers that contribute to the innate immune system?

• A. Antibodies
• B. Phagocytes
• C. Skin and mucous membranes
• D. Memory B cells

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Physical barriers such as the skin and mucous membranes are crucial components of the innate immune system's first line of defense. These barriers act as physical obstacles that prevent pathogens from entering the body. Antibodies (option A) are produced by the adaptive immune system in response to specific pathogens and do not serve as physical barriers. Phagocytes (option B) are cells that engulf and digest pathogens, playing a role in the innate immune response but not as physical barriers. Memory B cells (option D) are part of the adaptive immune system and aid in mounting a faster and more effective immune response upon subsequent exposure to a specific pathogen, but they are not physical barriers against initial pathogen entry.

2. Which types of waves are capable of interference and diffraction?

• A. Longitudinal waves only
• B. Transverse waves only
• C. Electromagnetic waves only
• D. Both longitudinal and transverse waves

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Both longitudinal and transverse waves are capable of interference and diffraction. Interference occurs when two or more waves overlap and combine, either constructively (increasing amplitude) or destructively (decreasing amplitude). Diffraction is the bending of waves around obstacles or through openings, which can occur with both longitudinal and transverse waves. Choice A is incorrect because only stating longitudinal waves can undergo interference and diffraction is inaccurate. Choice B is also incorrect as transverse waves, not just longitudinal waves, can exhibit these phenomena. Choice C is incorrect because electromagnetic waves are a broad category that includes both longitudinal and transverse waves, so it is not exclusive to either type. The correct answer is D because both longitudinal and transverse waves can demonstrate interference and diffraction.

3. Which type of fiber is insoluble and promotes gut motility?

• A. Pectin
• B. Cellulose
• C. Beta-gluca
• D. Guar gum

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A) Pectin is a soluble fiber found in fruits and vegetables. It forms a gel-like substance in the gut and can help lower cholesterol levels. B) Cellulose is an insoluble fiber found in plants, particularly in the cell walls of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. It adds bulk to the stool and promotes gut motility by aiding in the movement of food through the digestive system. C) Beta-glucan is a soluble fiber found in oats and barley. It can help lower cholesterol levels and improve blood sugar control. D) Guar gum is a soluble fiber derived from guar beans. It can help with digestion and may have a role in managing blood sugar levels. In this case, the question specifically asks for the type of fiber that is insoluble and promotes gut motility, which is characteristic of cellulose.

4. Which of the following water-soluble vitamins is NOT synthesized in the large intestine?

• A. B6
• B. Biotin
• C. Pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5)
• D. Vitamin K

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: B6. Vitamin B6 is not synthesized in the large intestine, while biotin, pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5), and Vitamin K can be synthesized by gut microflora. Biotin, B5, and K are examples of water-soluble vitamins that can be produced in the large intestine, but B6 needs to be obtained through dietary sources. Therefore, B6 is the correct answer as it is not synthesized within the large intestine, unlike the other options.

5. Which of the following statements is true about Noble gases?

• A. They are non-reactive.
• B. They are highly reactive.
• C. They have 8 valence electrons.
• D. They have 7 valence electrons.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Noble gases are non-reactive because they have a full valence shell with 8 electrons, making them stable and unlikely to form chemical bonds with other elements. Choice B is incorrect because Noble gases are known for their inertness and lack of reactivity. Choice C is incorrect because Noble gases have 8 valence electrons, which is a key characteristic that contributes to their stability. Choice D is incorrect because Noble gases have 8 valence electrons, not 7.

Similar Questions