Nursing Elites

1. In which state of matter are particles packed tightly together in a fixed position?

• A. Liquid
• B. Solid
• C. Gas
• D. Plasma

Correct answer: B

Rationale: In a 'solid' state, particles are tightly packed in fixed positions, maintaining a definite shape and volume. This arrangement allows solids to maintain a rigid structure. Liquids have particles that are close together but can move past each other, giving them the ability to flow and take the shape of their container. Gases have particles that are far apart and move freely, leading to their ability to expand to fill any container. Plasma is an ionized gas where particles have high energy levels and are not packed tightly together, making it an uncommon state of matter on Earth.

2. Beta radiation is the product of the decomposition of which particle?

• A. Proton
• B. Neutron
• C. Electron
• D. Photon

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Beta radiation is the result of the decomposition of a neutron. During beta decay, a neutron in an atom's nucleus is transformed into a proton, an electron (beta particle), and an antineutrino. Therefore, the correct answer is 'Neutron.' Choice A, 'Proton,' is incorrect because beta decay does not involve the decomposition of a proton. Choice C, 'Electron,' is incorrect because electrons are actually produced during beta decay. Choice D, 'Photon,' is incorrect as beta radiation does not involve the decomposition of photons.

3. Which best defines the molarity of an aqueous sugar solution?

• A. Grams of sugar per milliliter of solution
• B. Moles of sugar per milliliter of solution
• C. Grams of sugar per liter of solution
• D. Moles of sugar per liter of solution

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The molarity of a solution is defined as the number of moles of solute per liter of solvent. In the case of an aqueous sugar solution, the molarity would be expressed as moles of sugar per liter of solution. This is because molarity is a measurement of the concentration of a solute in a solution based on the number of moles present in a given volume of the solution. Therefore, the correct answer is D. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because the molarity is specifically defined in terms of moles of solute per liter of solution, not in grams per milliliter or grams per liter. Molarity is a unit of concentration that relates the amount of solute to the volume of the solution, not the mass of the solute.

4. The three important allotropic forms of phosphorus are red, white, and ___________.

• A. green
• B. gray
• C. black
• D. silver

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The three important allotropic forms of phosphorus are red, white, and black. These forms indicate the different physical properties and reactivity of phosphorus under various conditions. Red phosphorus is more stable and less reactive than white phosphorus, while black phosphorus is the least reactive form. Choice C, 'black,' is the correct answer as it completes the sequence of allotropic forms of phosphorus. Choices A, 'green,' B, 'gray,' and D, 'silver,' are incorrect as they do not represent recognized forms of phosphorus.

5. What does the sum of protons and neutrons in an element represent?

• A. Atomic number
• B. Mass number
• C. Atomic mass
• D. Neutron number

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The sum of protons and neutrons in an element is known as the mass number. The mass number is an important concept in chemistry as it represents the total number of nucleons (protons and neutrons) in an atom's nucleus. It is different from the atomic number, which represents the number of protons in an atom. The atomic mass is the average mass of an element's isotopes, taking into account the abundance of each isotope. Neutron number, on the other hand, specifically refers to the number of neutrons in an atom's nucleus. Therefore, the correct answer is B, mass number.

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