Nursing Elites

1. In the scientific process, which of the following is a statement or explanation of certain events or happenings?

• A. hypothesis
• B. observation
• C. experiment
• D. conclusion

Correct answer: A

Rationale: A hypothesis is a statement or explanation of certain events or phenomena based on observations and prior knowledge. It is a testable prediction that guides the scientific investigation process. By formulating a hypothesis, scientists can make predictions and design experiments to gather data and test the validity of the hypothesis. Observations (choice B) involve gathering information through the senses. Experiments (choice C) are procedures carried out to support or refute a hypothesis. Conclusions (choice D) are deductions made based on the results of experiments and observations, but they are not the initial statement or explanation of events or happenings.

2. A cell containing 12 chromosomes divides into daughter cells in mitosis. How many chromosomes are in each daughter cell?

• A. 3
• B. 6
• C. 12
• D. 24

Correct answer: C

Rationale: During mitosis, the cell undergoes nuclear division without changing the number of chromosomes. Therefore, the daughter cells produced will have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. In this case, since the parent cell contains 12 chromosomes, each daughter cell will also have 12 chromosomes. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because during mitosis, the chromosome number remains the same, and daughter cells inherit the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

3. What is the function of decomposition in the carbon cycle?

• A. To produce light energy
• B. To convert carbon to fuel
• C. To release carbon dioxide
• D. To store food for consumers

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'To release carbon dioxide.' Decomposition in the carbon cycle involves breaking down dead organic matter into simpler substances. During this process, carbon is released in the form of carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere. This release of carbon dioxide is essential for recycling carbon and making it available for use by living organisms. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because decomposition does not produce light energy, convert carbon to fuel, or store food for consumers; its primary role is to recycle carbon through the release of carbon dioxide.

4. Which part of cellular respiration produces the greatest amount of ATP?

• A. electron transport chain
• B. glycolysis
• C. citric acid cycle
• D. fermentation

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The electron transport chain (ETC) produces the greatest amount of ATP during cellular respiration. This process occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane and involves the transfer of electrons through a series of protein complexes, creating a proton gradient that drives the synthesis of ATP. By utilizing the energy from the electron carriers NADH and FADH2 produced in earlier stages of cellular respiration, the ETC can generate a large amount of ATP efficiently through oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis only produces a small amount of ATP in comparison to the ETC. The citric acid cycle generates some ATP but not as much as the ETC. Fermentation does not produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation and yields a much smaller amount of ATP compared to the ETC.

5. Genes control heredity in man and other organisms. This gene is ___

• A. A segment of DNA
• B. A bead-like structure on the chromosomes
• C. A protein molecule
• D. A segment of RNA

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Genes are sections of DNA that contain instructions for building and operating living organisms. These sections of DNA contain the genetic information that is passed on from one generation to the next. Genes are composed of specific sequences of nucleotides within the DNA molecule. Therefore, genes are best described as segments of DNA. Choice A is correct. Choice B is incorrect because genes are not bead-like structures on chromosomes but specific sequences of DNA. Choice C is incorrect because genes are not protein molecules but rather sequences of nucleotides. Choice D is incorrect because genes are not segments of RNA but DNA.

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