Nursing Elites

1. How many neurons typically comprise a sensory pathway?

• A. 1
• B. 2
• C. 3
• D. 4

Correct answer: C

Rationale: A sensory pathway generally consists of three neurons: a first-order neuron, a second-order neuron, and a third-order neuron. The first-order neuron carries sensory information from the periphery to the spinal cord or brainstem. The second-order neuron then transmits this information to the thalamus or cerebellum. Finally, the third-order neuron projects the sensory input to the cerebral cortex for processing and perception. Therefore, the correct answer is 3 (C). Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they do not align with the typical structure of a sensory pathway involving three neurons.

2. How many different types of tissue are there in the human body?

• A. 4
• B. 6
• C. 8
• D. 10

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 4. There are 4 types of tissues in the human body: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous. Epithelial tissue covers the body surfaces, connective tissue provides support and structure, muscle tissue enables movement, and nervous tissue transmits signals. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not represent the accurate number of tissue types found in the human body.

3. What is molarity a measure of in a solution?

• A. Volume of the solvent
• B. Amount of solute
• C. Concentration of solute
• D. Temperature of the solution

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Molarity is a measure of the concentration of a solute in a solution. It is defined as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. Molarity is not a measure of the volume of the solvent (choice A), the amount of solute (choice B), or the temperature of the solution (choice D). Therefore, the correct answer is the concentration of solute (choice C) as molarity specifically quantifies the solute concentration in a solution.

4. Molecular clocks utilize the accumulation of mutations in DNA sequences to estimate the evolutionary divergence time between species. This method relies on the assumption that:

• A. The rate of mutation is constant across all genes and all species.
• B. Species with more morphological similarities diverged more recently.
• C. Mutations are always beneficial and contribute to increased fitness.
• D. The fossil record provides the most accurate estimates of evolutionary relationships.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: A molecular clock is a method used to estimate the time of divergence between species by measuring the accumulation of mutations in DNA sequences. This method relies on the assumption that mutations occur at a relatively constant rate over time. If the rate of mutation were not constant, it would be challenging to accurately estimate the evolutionary divergence time between species. Therefore, option A is the most appropriate choice as it aligns with the fundamental principle underlying the molecular clock hypothesis. Option B is incorrect because the assumption that species with more morphological similarities diverged more recently does not directly relate to the concept of molecular clocks and the accumulation of mutations in DNA sequences. Option C is incorrect because mutations are not always beneficial and do not always contribute to increased fitness. Mutations can be neutral or deleterious as well, and their accumulation is what is used to estimate evolutionary di

5. Which two types of elements are most likely to form an ionic bond?

• A. Two elements that are in the same period.
• B. Two elements that are non-metals and have p orbitals.
• C. One element that is a transition metal with d orbitals and one element that is a metal with s orbitals.
• D. One element that is a metal with s orbitals and one element that is a nonmetal with p orbitals.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Ionic bonds typically form between a metal, which donates electrons from its s orbital, and a nonmetal, which accepts electrons into its p orbital. This transfer of electrons leads to the formation of an ionic bond. Choice A is incorrect as elements in the same period may vary significantly in their properties. Choice B is incorrect because ionic bonds are usually formed between a metal and a nonmetal, not two nonmetals. Choice C is incorrect because transition metals generally form complex ions through the sharing of electrons, not typical ionic bonds.

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