Nursing Elites

1. How does an increase in mass affect the force required to produce the same acceleration on an object?

• A. Increases force required
• B. Decreases force required
• C. Has no effect on force required
• D. Causes unpredictable changes in force required

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, 'Increases force required.' According to Newton's second law of motion, force is directly proportional to mass and acceleration (F = ma). Therefore, an increase in mass will require an increase in force to produce the same acceleration on an object. Choice B is incorrect because an increase in mass does not decrease the force required; it increases it. Choice C is incorrect as increasing mass does affect the force required. Choice D is incorrect as the relationship between mass and force is predictable according to Newton's laws of motion.

2. When light interacts with a perfectly smooth surface, like a mirror, the dominant interaction is:

• A. Refraction
• B. Diffraction
• C. Total internal reflection
• D. Specular reflection

Correct answer: D

Rationale: When light interacts with a perfectly smooth surface like a mirror, the dominant interaction is specular reflection. Specular reflection occurs when light rays are reflected off a smooth surface at the same angle as the incident angle, resulting in a clear and sharp reflection. Refraction, which involves the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another, is not the dominant interaction with a perfectly smooth surface. Diffraction, the bending of light waves around obstacles, is not the dominant interaction with smooth surfaces. Total internal reflection occurs when light is reflected back into a medium due to encountering a boundary at an angle greater than the critical angle, but it is not the dominant interaction on a perfectly smooth surface like a mirror.

3. What is the process of cells becoming specialized to perform specific functions called?

• A. Cell division
• B. Cell differentiation
• C. Cell growth
• D. Cell regeneration

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Cell differentiation is the process by which cells become specialized to perform specific functions. During differentiation, cells acquire specific structures and functions that allow them to carry out particular roles in the body. Cell division refers to the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells. Cell growth is the process by which cells increase in size and number. Cell regeneration is the process by which new cells are produced to replace damaged or lost cells in an organism. Therefore, in this context, the process of cells becoming specialized to perform specific functions is best described as cell differentiation.

4. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the most abundant antibody type, responsible for:

• A. Immediate allergic reactions
• B. Neutralizing toxins and viruses
• C. Activating other immune cells
• D. Protecting newborns from infections

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is indeed the most prevalent antibody type in the blood and tissue fluids. Its primary functions include neutralizing toxins and viruses, promoting phagocytosis, and activating the complement system. IgG plays a crucial role in long-term immunity and provides passive immunity to newborns by crossing the placenta, safeguarding them from infections. Immediate allergic reactions are mainly mediated by IgE, not IgG. While IgM is known for activating other immune cells, IgG focuses on other key functions within the immune response, such as neutralizing pathogens and enhancing phagocytosis. Therefore, the correct answer is B, as IgG is primarily involved in neutralizing toxins and viruses, rather than the other options presented.

5. What is the primary function of the atrioventricular (AV) node within the heart?

• A. Generate the electrical impulse for contraction (pacemaker function)
• B. Transmit the electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricles, regulating the timing of contraction.
• C. Increase blood pressure within the ventricles during systole.
• D. Separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood flow in the heart.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Transmit the electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricles, regulating the timing of contraction. The primary function of the atrioventricular (AV) node is to coordinate the transmission of electrical signals between the atria and the ventricles. It ensures proper timing between atrial and ventricular contractions, allowing for efficient blood pumping through the heart. Choice A is incorrect because the AV node does not generate the initial electrical impulse; that role is typically attributed to the sinoatrial (SA) node. Choice C is incorrect as the AV node does not directly influence blood pressure within the ventricles. Choice D is also incorrect as the separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood is primarily achieved by the anatomical structure of the heart (e.g., atria and ventricles) and not the AV node.

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