Nursing Elites

1. The shimmering image of water seen on a hot road is a well-known example of:

• A. Reflection
• B. Refraction
• C. Interference
• D. Polarization

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The shimmering image of water seen on a hot road is a result of refraction, not reflection. Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another of different optical density. In this case, the hot air just above the road has a different density than the cooler air above it, causing light to bend and create the illusion of water on the road. Refraction is the most suitable explanation for this phenomenon, as it involves the bending of light rays due to the change in the medium's optical density, producing the visual effect observed on the hot road. Reflection, interference, and polarization do not involve the bending of light due to changes in optical density and are not applicable to the scenario described on the hot road.

2. What is the definition of work in physics?

• A. Force applied to an object at rest
• B. Force exerted by an object in motion
• C. Transfer of energy through motion along a direction
• D. Measure of an object's potential energy

Correct answer: C

Rationale: In physics, work is defined as the transfer of energy through motion along a direction. When a force is applied to an object, and the object moves in the direction of the force, work is done on the object. The work done is calculated as the force applied multiplied by the distance the object moves in the direction of the force. Choices A and B do not fully capture the essence of work, as work is about energy transfer through motion, not merely applying force to objects at rest or in motion. Choice D is incorrect as work is not a measure of an object's potential energy; rather, it is the transfer of energy through motion.

3. Which of the following is a function of the large intestine?

• A. Absorption of water
• B. Production of vitamin K
• C. Production of vitamin B
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, 'All of the above.' The large intestine performs various functions, including the absorption of water, production of vitamin K, and production of some B vitamins. Water absorption is a crucial function of the large intestine, helping to concentrate waste material into feces. Additionally, the large intestine hosts beneficial bacteria that produce vitamin K and some B vitamins, which are absorbed into the body. Choices A, B, and C individually represent specific functions of the large intestine, while choice D correctly encompasses all these functions, making it the most comprehensive and accurate answer.

4. How many kilograms are in 1,800 grams?

• A. 0.18
• B. 1.8
• C. 18
• D. 180

Correct answer: B

Rationale: To convert grams to kilograms, divide by 1,000 since there are 1,000 grams in a kilogram. Therefore, 1,800 grams is equal to 1.8 kilograms (1,800 / 1,000 = 1.8). Choice A (0.18) is incorrect because it incorrectly shifted the decimal point. Choice C (18) is incorrect as it represents the direct conversion without dividing by 1,000. Choice D (180) is incorrect as it is in the hundreds and not the correct conversion to kilograms. The correct answer is B.

5. Which of the following is NOT a function of the cilia lining the respiratory tract?

• A. Trapping inhaled dust and debris
• B. Moistening inhaled air
• C. Producing mucus
• D. Propelling mucus upwards towards the throat

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Moistening inhaled air. The cilia lining the respiratory tract primarily function to trap inhaled dust and debris, produce mucus, and propel the mucus upwards towards the throat for removal. Moistening inhaled air is primarily done by the mucous membranes in the nasal passages, which contain blood vessels that help warm and humidify the air as it passes through the nasal cavity. Therefore, the function of moistening inhaled air is not directly associated with the cilia in the respiratory tract, making it the correct choice in this scenario. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they are all functions carried out by the cilia in the respiratory tract.

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