Nursing Elites

1. Which type of muscle is under voluntary control?

• A. Smooth muscle
• B. Cardiac muscle
• C. Skeletal muscle
• D. Involuntary muscle

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle is under voluntary control, allowing for conscious movement of the body. Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle are both types of involuntary muscles that are not under conscious control. Smooth muscle is found in the walls of internal organs and blood vessels, functioning involuntarily. Cardiac muscle makes up the heart and contracts involuntarily to pump blood. Involuntary muscle (choice D) is a general term that encompasses smooth muscle and cardiac muscle, which operate involuntarily throughout the body.

2. Which of the following is NOT a function of the cilia lining the respiratory tract?

• A. Trapping inhaled dust and debris
• B. Moistening inhaled air
• C. Producing mucus
• D. Propelling mucus upwards towards the throat

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Moistening inhaled air. The cilia lining the respiratory tract primarily function to trap inhaled dust and debris, produce mucus, and propel the mucus upwards towards the throat for removal. Moistening inhaled air is primarily done by the mucous membranes in the nasal passages, which contain blood vessels that help warm and humidify the air as it passes through the nasal cavity. Therefore, the function of moistening inhaled air is not directly associated with the cilia in the respiratory tract, making it the correct choice in this scenario. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they are all functions carried out by the cilia in the respiratory tract.

3. What is the significance of studying pedigrees in human genetics?

• A. Predicting the exact outcome of genetic crosses in humans.
• B. Tracing the inheritance of complex traits with multiple contributing genes.
• C. Identifying carriers of dominant genetic disorders.
• D. Determining the risk of acquiring a specific mutation de novo.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Pedigrees are diagrams that show the relationships within a family and can be used to track the inheritance patterns of specific traits or diseases. While pedigrees can provide information on the inheritance of single gene disorders (such as identifying carriers of dominant genetic disorders, as mentioned in option C), their primary significance lies in studying complex traits with multiple contributing genes. These traits do not follow simple Mendelian inheritance patterns and are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. By analyzing pedigrees, researchers can identify patterns of inheritance for complex traits, such as polygenic diseases or traits influenced by gene-environment interactions. Therefore, option B is the most appropriate choice as it captures the main significance of studying pedigrees in human genetics.

4. What is the hypodermis composed of?

• A. Epithelial tissue
• B. Adipose and areolar connective tissue
• C. Collagen fibers
• D. Dense connective tissue

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Adipose and areolar connective tissue. The hypodermis, also known as the subcutaneous layer, is primarily composed of adipose (fat) and areolar (loose) connective tissue. These tissues provide insulation, cushioning, and energy storage. Epithelial tissue (Choice A) is not a significant component of the hypodermis, as it is mainly found in the epidermis and lining of internal organs. Collagen fibers (Choice C) are more abundant in the dermis, providing strength and support. Dense connective tissue (Choice D) is also present in the dermis but is not a major component of the hypodermis.

5. Which brain area can lead to difficulty with language and speech if damaged?

• A. Broca's area
• B. Wernicke's area
• C. Occipital lobe
• D. Cerebellum

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Damage to Broca's area, located in the frontal lobe of the brain, can result in difficulties with language and speech production. Broca's area is responsible for speech production and coordinating the muscles involved in speech. Damage to this area can lead to Broca's aphasia, characterized by struggles in forming words and sentences. On the other hand, damage to Wernicke's area in the temporal lobe can cause issues with language comprehension and producing meaningful language, leading to Wernicke's aphasia. The occipital lobe primarily processes visual information, while the cerebellum is responsible for coordinating movement and balance, not language and speech.

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