Nursing Elites

1. During normal breathing, which muscle is the primary driver of inhalation by contracting and flattening to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity?

• A. Diaphragm
• B. Intercostal muscles
• C. Abdominal muscles
• D. Pectoral muscles

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The diaphragm is the primary muscle responsible for inhalation during normal breathing. When it contracts, it flattens, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating a negative pressure that allows air to flow into the lungs. Intercostal muscles also play a role in expanding the chest cavity during inhalation, but the diaphragm is the main driver of the process. Abdominal muscles are primarily involved in exhalation by pushing the diaphragm upward to expel air from the lungs. Pectoral muscles are involved in movements of the arms and shoulders, not in breathing, making them incorrect choices for this question.

2. Which structure is the largest part of the airway?

• A. Alveoli
• B. Bronchi
• C. Bronchioles
• D. Trachea

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is the trachea. The trachea is the largest part of the airway and serves as the main passageway for air to enter and exit the lungs. It connects the larynx to the bronchi and is an essential component of the respiratory system. The alveoli, although crucial for gas exchange, are tiny air sacs in the lungs and not the largest part of the airway. Bronchi and bronchioles are smaller airway passages that branch off from the trachea, making them smaller in size compared to the trachea.

3. How do killer T cells recognize infected cells?

• A. The B cells flag the infected cells with amino acids.
• B. Tiny bits of the virus's RNA are left around the cell.
• C. Macrophages show up to help consume the infected cell.
• D. The T cells have receptors that recognize the proteins the virus leaves on the surface of the cell.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Killer T cells recognize infected cells by detecting viral proteins displayed on the surface of these cells. The T cells possess receptors specifically designed to identify these viral proteins, allowing them to target and eliminate the infected cells. Choice A is incorrect because B cells are not directly involved in the recognition process of infected cells by killer T cells. Choice B is incorrect because tiny bits of the virus's RNA being left around the cell is not how killer T cells primarily recognize infected cells. Choice C is incorrect because while macrophages play a role in immune responses, they do not directly assist in the recognition of infected cells by killer T cells.

4. Which of the following is the main organ responsible for absorbing nutrients?

• A. Stomach
• B. Small intestine
• C. Large intestine
• D. Pancreas

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The small intestine is the main organ responsible for absorbing nutrients from the food we eat. It is where the majority of digestion and absorption of nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals occurs. The inner lining of the small intestine is covered in tiny finger-like projections called villi, which increase the surface area available for nutrient absorption. While the stomach plays a role in breaking down food into smaller particles, the actual absorption of nutrients primarily takes place in the small intestine. The large intestine mainly absorbs water and electrolytes, and the pancreas produces digestive enzymes and hormones but is not primarily responsible for absorbing nutrients.

5. Which organelle provides energy for cellular functions?

• A. Nucleus
• B. Cell membrane
• C. Mitochondria
• D. Cytoplasm

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, Mitochondria. Mitochondria are often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell as they produce energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration. This process is essential for various cellular functions, making mitochondria crucial for energy production within the cell. Choice A, Nucleus, is incorrect as the nucleus is responsible for housing the cell's genetic material and controlling cellular activities but not for energy production. Choice B, Cell membrane, is incorrect as it is primarily involved in maintaining cell integrity and regulating the passage of substances in and out of the cell, not in energy production. Choice D, Cytoplasm, is incorrect as it is the jelly-like substance that fills the cell and is the site of many metabolic pathways, but it is not the specific organelle responsible for energy production.

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