Nursing Elites

1. During normal breathing, which muscle is the primary driver of inhalation by contracting and flattening to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity?

• A. Diaphragm
• B. Intercostal muscles
• C. Abdominal muscles
• D. Pectoral muscles

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The diaphragm is the primary muscle responsible for inhalation during normal breathing. When it contracts, it flattens, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating a negative pressure that allows air to flow into the lungs. Intercostal muscles also play a role in expanding the chest cavity during inhalation, but the diaphragm is the main driver of the process. Abdominal muscles are primarily involved in exhalation by pushing the diaphragm upward to expel air from the lungs. Pectoral muscles are involved in movements of the arms and shoulders, not in breathing, making them incorrect choices for this question.

2. Which hormones are responsible for stimulating the development of sex organs and secondary sex characteristics during puberty?

• A. Growth hormone
• B. Testosterone (in males) and Estrogen (in females)
• C. Insulin
• D. Thyroid hormone

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Testosterone and estrogen are the primary sex hormones responsible for the development of male and female sex organs, respectively, and the emergence of secondary sex characteristics during puberty. Growth hormone, insulin, and thyroid hormone do not directly influence the development of sex organs and secondary sex characteristics during puberty. Growth hormone primarily regulates growth and metabolism, insulin regulates blood sugar levels, and thyroid hormone controls metabolism and energy levels. Therefore, choices A, C, and D are incorrect for this question.

3. Which of the following is a representation of a natural pattern or occurrence that is difficult or impossible to experience directly?

• A. A theory
• B. A model
• C. A law
• D. An observation

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A model is a representation used by scientists to understand and explain natural phenomena that are challenging or impossible to observe directly. Models help visualize complex systems or processes that are not easily accessible for direct observation. The other choices are incorrect because: A) A theory is an explanation or interpretation of observable facts or phenomena. C) A law describes a consistent and universal phenomenon or relationship in nature based on repeated observations. D) An observation is a direct act of watching or taking note of a phenomenon or behavior.

4. What is the protective sac surrounding the testes in the male reproductive system?

• A. Vas deferens
• B. Scrotum
• C. Epididymis
• D. Urethra

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The scrotum is the correct answer, as it is the protective sac surrounding the testes in the male reproductive system. The scrotum's role is crucial in maintaining the optimal temperature for proper sperm production by regulating the distance of the testes from the body. The vas deferens is a duct responsible for transporting sperm from the testes to the urethra, not the protective sac surrounding the testes. The epididymis is a coiled tube where sperm mature and are stored before ejaculation, not the protective sac. The urethra is a tube that serves as a common passageway for both urine and semen to exit the body, not the protective sac surrounding the testes.

5. What are the components of the female external genitalia and their functions?

• A. Ovaries: internal reproductive organs
• B. Vulva: external structures of the female genitalia
• C. Uterus: internal reproductive organ for fetal development
• D. Vagina: birth canal

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The corrected answer is B: 'Vulva: external structures of the female genitalia.' The vulva includes external structures such as the labia, clitoris, and vaginal opening. These structures play roles in sexual arousal and protection of the internal genital organs. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they are internal reproductive organs. The ovaries produce eggs, the uterus houses the developing fetus, and the vagina serves as the birth canal. Hence, they are not components of the female external genitalia.

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