Nursing Elites

1. During antibiotic use, bacteria can evolve resistance. This is an example of:

• A. Coevolution (two species influencing each other's evolution)
• B. Convergent evolution (unrelated organisms evolving similar traits)
• C. Macroevolution (large-scale evolutionary change)
• D. Artificial selection acting on a natural process

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The process of bacteria evolving resistance to antibiotics due to the selective pressure exerted by the antibiotics is an example of artificial selection (human intervention selecting for certain traits) acting on a natural process (bacterial evolution). Antibiotic use creates a selective pressure that favors the survival and reproduction of bacteria with resistance traits, leading to the evolution of antibiotic-resistant strains. - Coevolution (option A) refers to the influence of two species on each other's evolution, which is not the case in the scenario described in the question. - Convergent evolution (option B) involves unrelated organisms evolving similar traits due to similar environmental pressures, which is not directly applicable to the situation of bacteria evolving resistance to antibiotics. - Macroevolution (option C) refers to large-scale evolutionary changes over long periods, which is not specifically demonstrated in the context of bacteria evolving resistance during antibiotic use.

2. Which of the following is a cluster of capillaries that functions as the main filter of the blood entering the kidney?

• A. The Bowman's capsule
• B. The Loop of Henle
• C. The glomerulus
• D. The nephron

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, the glomerulus. The glomerulus is a cluster of capillaries in the kidney responsible for filtering blood as it enters the nephron. It plays a crucial role in the initial stages of urine formation by filtering waste products and excess substances from the blood. Choice A, the Bowman's capsule, is incorrect as it surrounds the glomerulus and captures the filtrate. Choice B, the Loop of Henle, is incorrect as it is part of the nephron responsible for water reabsorption. Choice D, the nephron, is incorrect as it comprises the functional unit of the kidney and includes the glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, and other structures.

3. Fill in the blanks in the following sentence: Enzymes are ________ molecules that serve as _______ for certain biological reactions.

• A. complex; suppressors
• B. acidic; triggers
• C. small; targets
• D. large; catalysts

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Enzymes are large molecules that act as catalysts, accelerating chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required for the reactions to occur. In the context of biological reactions, enzymes function as catalysts, not suppressors, triggers, or targets. The use of 'large' and 'catalysts' accurately describes the nature and role of enzymes in facilitating biological processes.

4. What enzymes do lysosomes contain, leading to their nickname as the cell's 'suicide bags'?

• A. Hydrolytic enzymes
• B. Ligases (bonding enzymes)
• C. Transferases (molecule transfer)
• D. Oxidoreductases (redox reactions)

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Lysosomes are organelles filled with hydrolytic enzymes that break down proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates. These enzymes aid in digesting cellular waste and foreign substances, hence the term 'suicide bags' due to their involvement in cell degradation and recycling. Ligases are enzymes that catalyze the joining of two large molecules by forming a new chemical bond, not present in lysosomes. Transferases are enzymes that catalyze the transfer of functional groups from one molecule to another, not found in lysosomes. Oxidoreductases are enzymes involved in oxidation-reduction reactions, which are not the primary function of lysosomes.

5. What is the ethical concern surrounding genetic engineering?

• A. Risk of introducing new diseases
• B. Potential for misuse and discrimination
• C. Unforeseen consequences on ecosystems
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: D

Rationale: A) Risk of introducing new diseases: Genetic engineering involves manipulating the genetic material of organisms, which can potentially lead to the creation of new diseases or the spread of existing ones in unintended ways. This risk raises ethical concerns about the potential harm to human health and the environment. B) Potential for misuse and discrimination: Genetic engineering technologies can be misused for purposes such as creating biological weapons or enhancing certain traits in individuals, leading to discrimination based on genetic makeup. This raises ethical concerns about fairness, justice, and the potential for societal harm. C) Unforeseen consequences on ecosystems: Genetic engineering can have unintended consequences on ecosystems, such as disrupting natural balances or harming biodiversity. These unforeseen impacts raise ethical concerns about the responsibility of scientists and policymakers to consider the long-term effects of genetic modifications on the environment. Therefore, the correct answer is D because all the options present valid ethical concerns associated with genetic engineering.

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