Nursing Elites

1. Define 'friction' in terms of opposing motion.

• A. A force that increases motion
• B. A force that accelerates motion
• C. A force that opposes motion
• D. A force that creates motion

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Friction is a force that opposes motion. When two surfaces are in contact, friction acts in the opposite direction to the motion or the potential motion between the two surfaces. It resists the relative motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, and material elements sliding against each other. Friction hinders or prevents motion rather than promoting it. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they suggest that friction increases, accelerates, or creates motion, which is inaccurate. The correct definition of friction is that it opposes motion, making choice C the most appropriate option.

2. What property of a substance refers to its ability to be drawn into thin wires?

• A. Conductivity
• B. Ductility
• C. Viscosity
• D. Malleability

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Ductility is the property of a substance that allows it to be drawn into thin wires without breaking. Conductivity refers to the ability of a substance to conduct electricity or heat, not to be drawn into wires. Viscosity is the measure of a fluid's resistance to flow, not related to the ability to be drawn into wires. Malleability is the property of a substance that allows it to be hammered or rolled into thin sheets, not specifically related to being drawn into wires. Therefore, the correct property for the ability to be drawn into thin wires is ductility.

3. Why do emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) pose a significant public health threat?

• A. Because they are well-understood by medical professionals
• B. Because they are easily treatable with existing antibiotics
• C. Because they are new, rapidly evolving, and can spread quickly
• D. Because they primarily affect animals and not humans

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are a significant public health threat because they are characterized by being new or newly identified diseases that are rapidly evolving. These diseases can spread quickly within populations due to factors such as globalization, travel, urbanization, and changes in climate. EIDs often present challenges to medical professionals as they may not be well-understood initially, making it difficult to develop effective treatments or preventive measures. While some EIDs can be treatable with existing antibiotics, the rapid evolution of these diseases can lead to the development of drug resistance, further complicating treatment efforts. Additionally, EIDs are not limited to affecting animals; they can also have serious implications for human health and well-being. Therefore, the correct answer is that EIDs pose a threat because they are new, rapidly evolving, and can spread quickly. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because EIDs are not well-understood initially, may develop drug resistance, and can affect humans significantly, not just animals.

4. Which part of the neuron receives incoming signals from other neurons and conducts them toward the cell body?

• A. Axon
• B. Dendrite
• C. Synapse
• D. Myelin sheath

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The dendrites are the part of the neuron that receive incoming signals from other neurons and conduct them toward the cell body. They play a crucial role in integrating signals received from other neurons. The dendrites are covered in synapses, which are the junctions where communication between neurons occurs. The axon, on the other hand, is responsible for transmitting signals away from the cell body. The synapse is the gap between neurons where neurotransmitters are released to facilitate communication. Lastly, the myelin sheath is a fatty layer that insulates and speeds up signal transmission along the axon, helping in the efficient conduction of nerve impulses.

5. What is the name of the curved bone in the back that provides support and attachment for muscles?

• A. Sternum
• B. Scapula
• C. Clavicle
• D. Vertebral column

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The vertebral column, also known as the spine, is the curved bone in the back that provides support and attachment for muscles. It consists of individual vertebrae stacked on top of each other, forming a flexible and protective structure for the spinal cord. The sternum, scapula, and clavicle are bones in the chest and shoulder regions, not in the back where the vertebral column is located. Therefore, the correct answer is the vertebral column (Option D). Options A, B, and C are incorrect as they are bones situated in the chest and shoulder areas, not in the back where the vertebral column is found.

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