Nursing Elites

1. Cartilage, a type of connective tissue, provides flexible support in various structures. Which of these structures does NOT contain cartilage?

• A. Ears
• B. Joints
• C. Muscles
• D. Nose

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Cartilage is a type of connective tissue that provides flexible support in various structures. Ears, joints, and the nose all contain cartilage. Muscles, however, are made up of muscle tissue, not cartilage. Therefore, muscles do not contain cartilage. Choice A, ears, choice B, joints, and choice D, nose, are incorrect as they all contain cartilage. Choice C, muscles, is the correct answer as muscles are not composed of cartilage.

2. What is the Aufbau principle?

• A. The principle that electrons fill orbitals in order of increasing energy.
• B. The principle that electrons cannot occupy the same orbital with the same spin.
• C. The principle that the maximum number of electrons in an orbital is 2n^2, where n is the energy level of the orbital.
• D. The principle that the attractive force between an electron and the nucleus is inversely proportional to the distance between them.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The Aufbau principle states that electrons fill orbitals in order of increasing energy. This principle helps to explain the electron configuration of atoms and how electrons are distributed within the energy levels and sublevels of an atom. By following the Aufbau principle, one can determine the electron configuration of an atom by sequentially adding electrons to orbitals in order of their increasing energy levels, starting with the lowest energy level. Choice B is incorrect as it describes the Pauli Exclusion Principle, which states that no two electrons in an atom can have the same four quantum numbers. Choice C is incorrect as it refers to the formula for calculating the maximum number of electrons that can occupy an energy level. Choice D is incorrect as it relates to Coulomb's law, which describes the electrostatic interaction between charged particles.

3. Which of the following structures helps filter pathogens from the blood?

• A. Lymph nodes
• B. Kidneys
• C. Spleen
• D. Pancreas

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The spleen is the correct answer. The spleen is a vital organ in the immune system responsible for filtering pathogens from the blood. It contains specialized immune cells that aid in recognizing and eliminating harmful substances. Additionally, the spleen plays a role in recycling old red blood cells. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. Lymph nodes primarily filter lymph fluid, not blood. Kidneys are involved in filtering waste and regulating fluid balance, not specifically filtering pathogens from the blood. The pancreas functions in hormone regulation and digestion, unrelated to filtering pathogens from the blood.

4. What macromolecules are formed from amino acids, and what are their roles?

• A. Lipids; store energy
• B. Carbohydrates; provide energy
• C. Proteins; perform various functions like catalysis, transport, and structural support
• D. Nucleic acids; store genetic information

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C. Proteins are macromolecules formed from amino acids and have diverse roles, such as serving as enzymes, transport molecules, and providing structural support. They are essential for catalysis, cellular communication, immune response, and many other functions in living organisms. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. Lipids are not formed from amino acids but from fatty acids and glycerol, mainly serving as energy storage molecules. Carbohydrates are composed of sugars and provide energy to the body. Nucleic acids, like DNA and RNA, are made up of nucleotides and store genetic information in cells.

5. Which statement confirms that the cell membrane is selectively permeable?

• A. Receptors are found on a cell's surface.
• B. Cells communicate with each other using cell signals.
• C. Environmental changes can cause a cell to expand or shrink.
• D. Sodium ions must travel through ion channels to enter the cell.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because selective permeability is demonstrated by the fact that specific ions, such as sodium, require ion channels to cross the cell membrane. This process allows the cell to control what substances can enter or exit, highlighting the selective nature of the cell membrane. Choices A, B, and C do not directly relate to the concept of selective permeability of the cell membrane. Receptors on a cell's surface (Choice A) are involved in cell signaling rather than selective permeability. Cell communication through signals (Choice B) and environmental changes affecting cell size (Choice C) are not directly related to the selective permeability of the cell membrane, which specifically refers to the regulation of substances passing through the membrane.

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