Nursing Elites

1. Aluminum (Al) has 13 protons in its nucleus. What is the number of electrons in an Al3+ ion?

• A. 16
• B. 13
• C. 10
• D. 3

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Aluminum (Al) has an atomic number of 13, which indicates it normally has 13 electrons to balance the 13 protons in its nucleus. When Al forms an Al3+ ion, it loses 3 electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration. Therefore, the Al3+ ion will have 13 - 3 = 10 electrons. Choice A (16) is incorrect as it doesn't take into account the charge of the Al3+ ion. Choice B (13) is incorrect because the Al3+ ion has lost electrons. Choice D (3) is incorrect as it doesn't reflect the total number of electrons lost by the Al atom to form the Al3+ ion.

2. In the solid state, you would expect a nonmetal to be _________.

• A. brittle
• B. lustrous
• C. malleable
• D. conductive

Correct answer: A

Rationale: In the solid state, you would expect a nonmetal to be brittle. Nonmetals generally lack the malleability and ductility of metals, which makes them prone to being brittle and easily fractured under stress. This property is due to the lack of metallic bonding in nonmetals, which results in a more rigid and less flexible structure. Choice B, 'lustrous,' is incorrect because nonmetals typically do not exhibit a shiny or reflective surface like metals do. Choice C, 'malleable,' is also incorrect as nonmetals lack the ability to be hammered or rolled into thin sheets like metals. Choice D, 'conductive,' is incorrect since nonmetals are generally poor conductors of electricity compared to metals.

3. What does the sum of protons and neutrons in an element represent?

• A. Atomic number
• B. Mass number
• C. Atomic mass
• D. Neutron number

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The sum of protons and neutrons in an element is known as the mass number. The mass number is an important concept in chemistry as it represents the total number of nucleons (protons and neutrons) in an atom's nucleus. It is different from the atomic number, which represents the number of protons in an atom. The atomic mass is the average mass of an element's isotopes, taking into account the abundance of each isotope. Neutron number, on the other hand, specifically refers to the number of neutrons in an atom's nucleus. Therefore, the correct answer is B, mass number.

4. Which material has the smallest specific heat capacity?

• A. water
• B. wood
• C. aluminum
• D. glass

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one degree Celsius. Among the options provided, aluminum has the smallest specific heat capacity. This means that it requires the least amount of heat to raise its temperature compared to water, wood, and glass. Water has a high specific heat capacity, making it resistant to temperature changes, while wood and glass have higher specific heat capacities compared to aluminum.

5. Which type of radiation involves the emission of helium ions?

• A. Beta
• B. Alpha
• C. Gamma
• D. Delta

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Alpha radiation involves the emission of helium ions. Helium ions are composed of two protons and two neutrons, which is the same as the nucleus of a helium atom. This type of radiation has low penetration power and can be stopped by a piece of paper or human skin, making it less harmful compared to other forms of radiation like beta or gamma radiation. Beta radiation involves the emission of high-speed electrons, while gamma radiation involves electromagnetic waves with high energy. Delta radiation is not a recognized form of radiation in this context, making it an incorrect choice.

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