Nursing Elites

1. A physician prescribes a drug to help control a person's anxiety attacks. This drug most likely targets the

• A. Amygdala.
• B. Parietal lobe.
• C. Hypothalamus.
• D. Sensory neuron.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Amygdala. The amygdala is a key brain structure involved in the processing of emotions, including anxiety. Medications for anxiety disorders often target the amygdala to help regulate emotional responses and control anxiety attacks. The amygdala plays a crucial role in the brain's fear circuit and is essential for the appropriate response to stress and threat perception. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because the parietal lobe is primarily involved in sensory processing and spatial reasoning, the hypothalamus regulates basic functions like hunger, thirst, and body temperature, and sensory neurons transmit signals from sensory receptors to the central nervous system, none of which are directly related to the regulation of anxiety attacks.

2. Where is the thymus gland, crucial for immune system development, located?

• A. Chest
• B. Abdomen
• C. Pelvis
• D. Head and neck

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The thymus gland is located in the chest, specifically in the upper part of the chest behind the breastbone (sternum). It plays a crucial role in the development and maturation of T-lymphocytes (T cells), which are important for the immune system's function. Choice B (Abdomen), C (Pelvis), and D (Head and neck) are incorrect locations for the thymus gland. The thymus is not found in the abdomen, pelvis, head, or neck regions; it is uniquely situated in the upper chest area.

3. What is the main function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in the cell?

• A. To synthesize and transport proteins and lipids
• B. To package and transport proteins
• C. To break down macromolecules
• D. To store genetic material

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of membranes within the cell that plays a crucial role in protein and lipid synthesis. It consists of two types: rough ER, which is studded with ribosomes and involved in protein synthesis, and smooth ER, which is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification. The ER's main function is to synthesize proteins and lipids, not just package and transport them. While the ER is involved in transporting these synthesized proteins and lipids to other parts of the cell or outside the cell, its primary role is in their synthesis. Breaking down macromolecules is primarily the function of lysosomes, which are membrane-bound organelles containing enzymes for digestion. Storing genetic material is the function of the nucleus, which houses the cell's DNA. The ER is not involved in storing genetic material.

4. What is the primary composition of the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the epidermis?

• A. Keratinized dead cells
• B. Melanocytes
• C. Langerhans cells
• D. Merkel cells

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the epidermis, is primarily composed of keratinized dead cells. These cells are flattened, fully keratinized, and lack nuclei, serving a protective function for the skin. Melanocytes are responsible for producing melanin, providing skin pigmentation. Langerhans cells are involved in the immune response within the skin. Merkel cells are associated with sensory functions in the skin, particularly in touch sensations. Therefore, the correct answer is A as it accurately reflects the main constituent of the stratum corneum, which acts as a barrier against external factors.

5. What is a characteristic property of acids?

• A. Bitter taste
• B. Sour taste
• C. Slippery feel
• D. Sweet taste

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct characteristic property of acids is a sour taste. Acids release hydrogen ions when dissolved in water, giving them a sour taste. Bitter taste is a property associated with bases, not acids. Slippery feel is a characteristic property of bases, due to their soap-like nature. Sweet taste does not accurately describe the characteristic property of acids, as they are known for their sour taste.

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